How to visualize the innervation pattern in tendons: A methodical guide

Autonomic functions have been studied in seven patients with chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (CPH). A test battery comprising tearing, salivation and nasal secretion was employed. Under basal conditions these parameters did not differ significantly from those in a control group. After stimulation with pilocarpine the patients responded rather inhomogeneously. This test battery may therefore help find and classify subgroups of these types of patients. During attacks, there is a clear discrepancy between minimal salivation on the one hand and the marked increase in tearing, nasal secretion and sweating on the other. CPH attacks may be associated with an increased firing of sympathetic impulses to the different organs. In the event of a uniform type of autonomic firing taking place during attack, these findings may suggest a different innervation pattern for the salivary glands compared to the other glands involved. The innervation pattern of these secretory organs may seem to be more intricate and sophisticated than hitherto assumed.

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Fate of brachial muscles of the chick embryo innervated by inappropriate nerves: structural, functional and histochemical analyses

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.95.1.147 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

pp. 147-168

Author(s):

Jane Butler ◽

Peter Cauwenbergs ◽

Ethel Cosmos

Keyword(s):

Chick Embryo ◽

Muscle Growth ◽

Extended Period ◽

Differential Rate ◽

Innervation Pattern ◽

In Ovo ◽

Intramuscular Nerve ◽

Quantitative Analyses ◽

Wing Bud ◽

Actual Loss

The extent of interaction between brachial muscles and foreign (thoracic) nerves of the chick embryo was determined during an extended period of development in ovo from the perspectives of innervation pattern, function (motility analyses), muscle growth (quantitative analyses of muscle volume) and fibre-type expression (myosin-ATPase profiles). Results indicated that according to all parameters analysed, initially a compatible union existed between the foreign nerves and their muscle targets. During subsequent stages of development, deterioration of the once compatible relationship emerged, until eventually denervation of muscles, i.e. an actual loss of intramuscular nerve branches, was observed. The process of denervation, which proceeded at a differential rate among individual muscles, however was restricted to brachial muscles derived from the premuscle masses of the wing bud. In contrast, brachial muscles of myotomal origin were spared the fate of wing-bud-derived muscles and maintained a successful union with the foreign nerves.

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Autonomic Disorders in Cluster Headache, With Special Reference to Salivation, Nasal Secretion and Tearing

Cephalalgia ◽

10.1046/j.1468-2982.1984.0401057.x ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 57-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

C Saunte

Keyword(s):

Cluster Headache ◽

Special Reference ◽

Nasal Secretion ◽

Test Battery ◽

Innervation Pattern ◽

Autonomic Disorders ◽

Symptomatic Side

Attacks of cluster headache are often associated with symptoms of an autonomic nature. A test battery allowing quantitation of salivation, nasal secretion and tearing has been employed. Fourteen patients examined under basal conditions hardly differed from a group of controls (N = 20). After stimulation with pilocarpine the patients responded like the controls. During attacks we found minimal bilateral salivation, but an increase of tearing and nasal secretion, mostly on the symptomatic side. These results correspond with those found in CPH. The finding of the minimal salivation is consistent with the notion that the headache attacks are associated with increased sympathico-tonus. The results may suggest that the complexity of the innervation pattern of the different secretory organs examined is more marked than hitherto known.

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INNERVATION PATTERN OF PRONATOR TERES MUSCLE AND ITS RELATION TO MEDIAN NERVE: A CADAVERIC STUDY

International Journal of Anatomy and Research ◽

10.16965/ijar.2017.258 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (3.1) ◽

pp. 4092-4095

Author(s):

Channa basanagouda ◽

◽

Manjunath Halagatti ◽

Keyword(s):

Median Nerve ◽

Cadaveric Study ◽

Innervation Pattern ◽

Pronator Teres

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Innervation pattern of a pool of nine excitatory motor neurons in the flexor tibiae muscle of a locust hind leg

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.201.12.1885 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 201 (12) ◽

pp. 1885-1893 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K Sasaki ◽

M Burrows

Keyword(s):

Motor Neurons ◽

Muscle Fibres ◽

Main Body ◽

Intracellular Recordings ◽

Innervation Pattern ◽

Flexor Muscle ◽

Fibre Bundles ◽

Metathoracic Ganglion ◽

Overlapping Sets ◽

Individual Motor

The flexor tibiae muscle of a locust hind leg consists of 10-11 pairs of fibre bundles in the main body of the muscle and a distal pair of bundles that form the accessory flexor muscle, all of which insert onto a common tendon. It is much smaller than the antagonistic extensor tibiae muscle and yet it is innervated by nine excitatory motor neurons, compared with only two for the extensor. To determine the pattern of innervation within the muscle by individual motor neurons, branches of the nerve (N5B2) that supplies the different muscle bundles were backfilled to reveal somata in the metathoracic ganglion. This showed that different muscle bundles are innervated by different numbers of excitatory motor neurons. Physiological mapping of the innervation was then carried out by intracellular recordings from the somata of flexor motor neurons in the metathoracic ganglion using microelectrodes. Spikes were evoked in these neurons by the injection of current, and matching junctional potentials were sought in fibres throughout the muscle using a second intracellular electrode. Each motor neuron innervates only a restricted array of muscle fibres and, although some innervate a larger array than others, none innervates fibres throughout the muscle. Some motor neurons innervate only proximal fibres and others only more distal fibres, so that the most proximal and most distal bundles of muscle fibres are innervated by non-overlapping sets of motor neurons. More motor neurons innervate proximal bundles than distal ones, and there are some asymmetries in the number of motor neurons innervating corresponding bundles on either side of the tendon. Individual motor neurons cause slow, fast or intermediate movements of the tibia, but their patterns of innervation overlap in the different muscle bundles. Furthermore, individual muscle fibres may also be innervated by motor neurons with different properties.

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Recurrent position and innervation pattern of recurrent peroneal nerve: A cadaveric study

The Knee ◽

10.1016/j.knee.2020.09.012 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 1772-1777

Author(s):

Daisuke Mizuno ◽

Kanae Umemoto ◽

Kaori Fukushige ◽

Yusuke Ohmichi ◽

Takashi Nakano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peroneal Nerve ◽

Cadaveric Study ◽

Innervation Pattern

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Guidance of regrowing sensory axons after cutaneous nerve lesions in the cat

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1979.42.5.1437 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 42 (5) ◽

pp. 1437-1449 ◽

Cited By ~ 86

Author(s):

K. Horch

Keyword(s):

Peripheral Nerve Regeneration ◽

Nerve Lesion ◽

Distal Stump ◽

Type I ◽

Innervation Pattern ◽

Nerve Crush ◽

Receptor Sites ◽

Individual Type ◽

The Difference ◽

Type I Fibers

1. Individual type I sensory neurons in cutaneous nerves typically innervate two to four type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Haarscheiben). The extent to which these neurons replicate the original innervation patterns of the type I receptors after peripheral nerve regeneration and the means by which these neurons are guided back to their old receptor sites during regeneration were studied in cats using neurophysiological techniques. 2. By recording activity of type I neurons in small cutaneous nerves and isolated dorsal rootlets, it was possible to map the distribution of these neurons in the skin. Maps made before nerve lesion were compared to maps made after recovery from nerve crush and transection. 3. Fibers regenerating after nerve crush return to their old receptor sites, probably by following their old Schwann tubes in the distal stump of the nerve, and replicate the original receptor innervation pattern. Essentially all the type I fibers successfully regenerate in this case. 4. In contrast, after nerve transection the regenerating fibers do not restore the original innervation pattern, although they do preferentially return to other old type I receptor sites. About 60% of the type I fibers reinnervate the skin after transection. 5. These observations provide a basis for the difference in functional recovery seen after crush and transection lesions of peripheral nerves.

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A Simple, Reliable and Inexpensive Silver Stain for Nerve Fibers in Bleached Skin

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-1988-7-820 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 43 (7-8) ◽

pp. 606-608 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bernd Fritzsch ◽

Harold H. Zakon

Keyword(s):

Silver Staining ◽

Nerve Fibers ◽

Sensory Cells ◽

Innervation Pattern ◽

Silver Stain

A procedure for silver staining is described which leads to the selective and reliable impregnation of nerve fibers in bleached skin of vertebrates and invertebrates. In combination with osmium, the protocol enhances the staining of secondary sensory cells of mechanosensory and electrosensory organs so that the innervation pattern of each organ and the number of sensory cells per organ can easily be evaluated. The technique can be also used for staining nerve fibers in whole embryos.

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