scholarly journals Physico-chemical state of the air at the stagnation point during the atmospheric reentry of a spacecraft

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1660-1668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabah Haoui
1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1596-1603 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jans ◽  
S. Kalbitzer ◽  
P. Oberschachtsiek ◽  
M. Behar

Cd-arachidat in the form of Langmuir-Blodgett films and thick photoresist layers of AZ5412H have been exposed to 15N-ion beams. The physico-chemical state of these targets as a function of the 15N fluence has been monitored by the 15N nuclear reaction with the respective H component. In this way, radiolytic changes in H distribution and bonding have been measured. In particular, diffusion and desorption processes have quantitatively been followed up to fluences of about 1 × 1016 N/cm2 at temperatures as low as 40 K. The correlated changes in H bonding, obtained by analyzing the concomitant Doppler widths as a function of the 15N fluence, consist of both decomposition and restoration of C-H and H-H molecular groups.


2004 ◽  
Vol 572 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 396-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Jonnard ◽  
I. Jarrige ◽  
O. Renault ◽  
J.-F. Damlencourt ◽  
F. Martin

This study originated from the investigation on cytochrome, which is a widely distributed, intracellular, respiratory pigment. It was found in the course of this investigation that many problems concerning this pigment would be more easily approached, or even solved, when we have succeeded in elucidating certain obscure points concerning some of the better-known and simpler compounds such as turacin and hæmatin. It was found, for instance, of paramount importance to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between the physico-chemical state of the pigment and its absorption spectrum. It will be shown here that the definite change in the absorption spectrum of a substance, which passes from a state of a solution into that of a colloidal suspension, explains a number of phenomena which have been previously observed but not understood. The combination between the reduced or oxidised hæmatin and various nitrogen compounds, in other words the relationship between such compounds as hæmatin, hæm, hæmochromogen and kathæmoglobin will also be considered. This will be shown to have an important bearing on the study of cytochrome. The methods used in this investigation do not differ much from those already described in my study on cytochrome (1925, pp. 313-314). Two instruments have been used for this study: the microspectroscopic ocular of Zeiss and the Hartridge reversion spectroscope, the latter having been used both in the ordinary way and as a microspectroscope. The sources of light have varied according to requirement, and were either ordinary filament electric bulbs (50 candle-power), pointolite lamp, Nernst lamp or a small arc. The latter was very useful in the spectroscopic examinations of turbid fluids and precipitates. We can hardly overestimate the importance of the last-named method, for a number of essential spectroscopic properties of the pigments can be revealed only by the study of their solutions during the process of precipitation.


Author(s):  
А.Б. Булков ◽  
В.В. Пешков ◽  
И.Б. Корчагин ◽  
Г.В. Селиванов

Цель данной работы - установление влияния физико-химического состояния контактных поверхностей титана, характеризуемых толщиной оксидных пленок, охрупченных и газонасыщенных слоев, на их взаимодействие при диффузионной сварке. Исследования проводились на цилиндрических образцах из титанового сплава ОТ4, контактная поверхность одного образца представляла собой круговой конус с углом при вершине 120°, второй образец имел плоскую поверхность. Формирование поверхностных слоев производилось путем отжига образцов в вакууме 2,6 Па при температуре 750 °С в течение 10 мин, что сопровождалось образованием на контактных поверхностях оксидных пленок толщиной 51,5 нм, охрупченных слоев глубиной ~3,5 мкм и газонасыщенных слоев глубиной до 16 мкм. Частичное удаление газонасыщенного слоя с контактных поверхностей перед диффузионной сваркой осуществлялось регламентированным химическим травлением в смеси азотной и плавиковой кислот. Диффузионная сварка выполнялась при температуре 900 °С и давлении 5 МПа в течение 3 мин в вакууме 3∙10 Па с дополнительной защитой от окисления экраном из титановой фольги. Качество сварного соединения оценивали путем испытаний на статическое растяжение, визуальной оценкой топографии поверхностей разрушения и определением содержания кислорода в поверхностных слоях рентгеноспектральным микроанализом. Установлено, что при диффузионной сварке титана параметром, характеризующим физико-химическое состояние контактных поверхностей и ответственным за развитие процесса их взаимодействия, является толщина поверхностного охрупченного слоя. Удаление перед сваркой с предварительно окисленных контактных поверхностей охрупченного слоя обеспечивает развитие процесса образования химических связей между свариваемыми поверхностями и формирование диффузионного соединения с прочностью на уровне основного металла, а при удалении несколько большей толщины охрупченного слоя - рост прочности при испытаниях на статический разрыв The aim of this work is to establish the influence of the physico-chemical state of the contact surfaces of titanium, characterized by the thickness of oxide films, embrittled and gas-saturated layers, on their interaction during diffusion welding. Investigations were carried out on cylindrical specimens of titanium alloy OT4, the contact surface of one specimen was a circular cone with an apex angle of 120°, the second specimen had a flat surface. The formation of the surface layers was carried out by annealing the samples in a vacuum of 2.6 Pa at a temperature of 750° C for 10 min, which was accompanied by the formation on the contact surfaces of oxide films 51.5 nm thick, embrittled layers ~ 3.5 μm deep and gas-saturated layers up to 16 μm. Partial removal of the gas-saturated layer from the contact surfaces before diffusion welding was carried out by regulated chemical etching in a mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acids. Diffusion welding was carried out at a temperature of 900° C and a pressure of 5 MPa for 3 min in a vacuum of 3∙10 Pa with additional protection against oxidation by a titanium foil screen. The quality of the welded joint was assessed by static tensile tests, visual assessment of the topography of the fracture surfaces and determination of the oxygen content in the surface layers by X-ray spectral microanalysis. We established that in diffusion welding of titanium, the parameter characterizing the physico-chemical state of contact surfaces and responsible for the development of the process of their interaction is the thickness of the surface embrittled layer. The removal of the embrittled layer from the pre-oxidized contact surfaces before welding ensures the development of the process of the formation of chemical bonds between the surfaces to be welded and the formation of a diffusion joint with strength at the level of the base metal, and when removing a slightly larger thickness of the embrittled layer, an increase in strength during static rupture tests


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