Phosphorus efficiency, soil phosphorus dynamics and critical phosphorus level under long-term fertilization for single and double cropping systems

Abstract. Soil organic carbon (SOC) data were collected from six long-term experiment sites in the upland of northern China. Various fertilization (e.g. inorganic fertilizations and combined inorganic-manure applications) and cropping (e.g. mono- and double-cropping) practices have been applied at these sites. Our analyses indicate that long-term applications of inorganic nitrogen-phosphorus (NP) and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) result in a significant increase in SOC at the sites with the double-cropping systems. The applications of inorganic NP and/or NPK combined with manure lead to a significantly increasing trend in SOC content at all the sites. However, the application of NPK with crop residue incorporation can only increase SOC content in the warm-temperate areas with the double-cropping systems. Regression analyses suggest that soil carbon sequestration responds linearly to carbon input at all the sites. Conversion rates of carbon input to SOC decrease significantly with an increase of annual accumulative temperature or precipitation, showing lower rates (6.8%–7.7%) in the warm-temperate areas than in the mid-temperate areas (15.8%–31.0%).

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RESPONSE OF WHEAT–RICE AND MAIZE/MILLET SYSTEMS TO FERTILIZER AND MANURE APPLICATIONS IN THE MID-HILLS OF NEPAL

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479799001052 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

D. P. Sherchan ◽

C. J. Pilbeam ◽

P. J. Gregory

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Organic Materials ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Response To Treatment ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Inorganic Fertilizers ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Combined Application ◽

Double Cropping

Farmers in the mid-hills of Nepal have a mix of rainfed land on which millet is grown in relay after maize (maize/millet), and irrigated land on which wheat is grown sequentially after rice (wheat–rice). Double cropping is the norm but the diminishing quantities of organic materials, coupled with the trend towards increased use of inorganic fertilizers, have raised questions about the long-term productivity and sustainability of the cropping systems. The aim of this work was to examine the long-term effects (eight years) on grain yield of additions of manure and fertilizer either singly or in combination. Maize/millet and wheat–rice rotations were established on a Dystochrept at Pakhribas Agricultural Centre at about 1450 m altitude. Manure and fertilizer applications were applied to the maize (eight combinations in May) and the wheat (different rates in seven combinations in November) every year with the succeeding crops (millet and rice) utilizing residual nutrients. Yields of maize, millet and rice were greater when manure rather than fertilizer was applied but yields of wheat were less. The combined application of manure and fertilizer significantly increased yields of maize and wheat compared with applications of either manure or fertilizer alone. However, for the subsequent crops (millet and rice) there was either a small residual benefit of the combined application when compared with fertilizer alone, or no benefit when compared with manure alone. Overall, the combined application increased total grain yields by about 35% in the maize/millet rotation and by 16% in the wheat–rice rotation. There was no trend in yields in response to treatment with time.

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Soil phosphorus dynamics in cropping systems managed according to conventional and biological agricultural methods

Biology and Fertility of Soils ◽

10.1007/bf00369411 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 111-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 81

Author(s):

A. Oberson ◽

J. C. Fardeau ◽

J. M. Besson ◽

H. Sticher

Keyword(s):

Cropping Systems ◽

Soil Phosphorus ◽

Phosphorus Dynamics

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Dynamics of soil carbon to nitrogen ratio changes under long-term fertilizer addition in wheat-corn double cropping systems of China

European Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2389.2012.01448.x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 341-350 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

R. H. Cong ◽

X. J. Wang ◽

M. G. Xu ◽

W. J. Zhang ◽

L. J. Xie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Carbon ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Carbon To Nitrogen Ratio ◽

Double Cropping ◽

Nitrogen Ratio

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Soil phosphorus dynamics in a long-term field experiment at Askov

Biology and Fertility of Soils ◽

10.1007/bf00307847 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 86-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

G. H. Rubaek ◽

E. Sibbesen

Keyword(s):

Field Experiment ◽

Soil Phosphorus ◽

Phosphorus Dynamics ◽

Term Field

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Wheat yield as a measure of the residual fertility after 20 years of forage cropping systems with different manure management in Northern Italy

Italian Journal of Agronomy ◽

10.4081/ija.2019.1359 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 142-146

Author(s):

Luciano Pecetti ◽

Lamberto Borrelli

Keyword(s):

Cropping Systems ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Residual Soil ◽

Mineral N ◽

Silage Maize ◽

Double Cropping ◽

Term Trial

After 20 years of application of different manure types, cropping systems and additional nitrogen (N) levels, their residual fertility effects were compared by measuring the yield of a following unfertilised wheat crop (Experiment 1), which was sown on exactly the same plots of the previous long-term trial. All previously applied factors caused significant differences in wheat yield. Wheat yielded more on plots that had received farmyard manure (FMY) compared to those where semi-liquid manure (SLM) was previously applied. Long-term application of a semi-intensive rotation, with three years of annual double cropping of autumnsown Italian ryegrass and spring-sown silage maize followed by three years of mown lucerne (R6), resulted in higher wheat yield than application of just the annual double cropping of Italian ryegrass and silage maize (R1). Application of further mineral N fertilisation to previous cropping systems caused higher yield of the subsequent wheat crop. The difference in wheat yield between the R6 and R1 systems was greater with SLM (+28%) than FYM application (+11%) resulting in a significant manure × system interaction. A companion experiment (Experiment 2) was carried out to compute the nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) from the yield of wheat plots that were sown after ploughing a nearby 20- year unfertilised grassland and received four levels of mineral N fertilisation. NAE was further used to empirically estimate the productive advantage (PA) conferred by previous manure-systemmineral nitrogen combinations in the long-term trial. PA was measured as equivalent kg of mineral N to be applied to wheat to achieve the yield level recorded after any previous combination. The estimated PA values were much higher when wheat followed FYM compared to SLM application, and when it followed R6 compared to R1 system. The SLM-R1 combination had negative PA values, indicating a productive disadvantage on wheat of this preceding combination. The enhancement of residual soil fertility by long-term application of FYM compared to SLM could be attributed to greater nutrient provision during the years by FYM than by SLM. However, further fertility advantages of FYM are discussed. Despite lower nutrient supply by organic fertilisers in R6 than in R1 system, the former had higher residual fertility. The presence of lucerne in the R6 rotation likely enriched the soil in nitrogen and increased its availability for following cropping. Possible benefits of the legume on the soil suppressiveness might have been a further asset of the R6 system.

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