Use of a maze test to assess spatial learning and memory in cattle: Can cattle traverse a complex maze?

2016 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 18-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Hirata ◽  
Chihiro Tomita ◽  
Karin Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Complex Maze ◽  
Maze Test

scholarly journals Angiostrongylus cantonensis causes cognitive impairments in heavily infected BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai-Yuan Jhan ◽  
Guan-Jhih Lai ◽  
Pi-Kai Chang ◽  
Ren-Yu Tang ◽  
Chien-Ju Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Dietary Consumption ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Behavior Learning ◽  
Swimming Test

Abstract Background: Parasitic infections may cause significant effects on behavior, learning, and memory of the hosts. In the brain of mice heavily infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis, severe damages have been observed in the hippocampus. This component has been considered to have associations with spatial learning and memory in human and vertebrates. This study was designed to determine the impairments in behavior, learning, and memory in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice heavily infected with the parasite. Methods: Each mouse was inoculated with 50 third-stage larvae of A. cantonensis. After infection, daily changes in weight and dietary consumption, worm recoveries and survival rates were determined. The forced swimming test, open field test, and Morris water maze test were employed to evaluate depression- and anxiety-like behavior as well as impairments in spatial learning and memory, respectively. In addition, in the two strains of mice were also determined. Results: The worm recovery rate in the BALB/c mice was significantly lower than that of C57BL/6 mice since day 14 post-infection. The survival rate in infected BALB/c mice decreased to 0% by day 25 whereas those with swim-training survived three more days. On day 42, the C57BL/6 mice had a survival rate of 85.7% in the swimming group and 70% in the non-swimming group. Significant differences were found in weight between infected and non-infected BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice since day 13 and day 12, respectively with corresponding changes in the dietary consumption. Depression-like behavior was found in the infected BALB/c mice but not in C57BL/6 mice. However, anxiety-like behavior was found to occur only in C57BL/6 mice. Impaired spatial learning and memory were also found in the two strains of mice occurred since day 14 post-infection. Conclusions: Results of this study indicate that A. cantonensis causes depression, anxiety, and impairments in spatial learning and memory in heavily infected mice. Moreover, significantly higher severity was observed in the Th-2 dominant BALB/c mice. Keywords: Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis, mice, behavior, learning, memory, forced swimming test, open field test, Morris water maze test

Anti-HIV drugs promote β-amyloid deposition and impair learning and memory in BALB/c mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 257-264
Author(s):  
S.S. Zulu ◽  
O. Abboussi ◽  
N. Simola ◽  
M.V. Mabandla ◽  
W.M.U. Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Bace1 Expression ◽  
Hiv Drugs ◽  
Anti Hiv

AbstractObjectives:Growing evidence suggested that antiretroviral (ARV) drugs may promote amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation in HIV-1-infected brain and the persistence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs). It has also been shown that lipid peroxidation upregulates β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) expression and subsequently promotes Aβ peptide production. In the present study, we examined whether chronic exposure to the anti-HIV drugs tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and nevirapine induces lipid peroxidation thereby promoting BACE1 and Aβ generation and consequently impair cognitive function in mice.Methods:TDF or nevirapine was orally administered to female BALB/c mice once a day for 8 weeks. On the 7th week of treatment, spatial learning and memory were assessed using the Morris water maze test. The levels of lipid peroxidation, BACE1, amyloid β 1-42 (Aβ1-42) and Aβ deposits were measured in the hippocampal tissue upon completion of treatment.Results:Chronic administration of nevirapine induced spatial learning and memory impairment in the Morris water maze test, whereas TDF did not have an effect. TDF and nevirapine administration increased hippocampal lipid peroxidation and Aβ1-42 concentration. Nevirapine further upregulated BACE1 expression and Aβ deposits.Conclusion:Our results suggest that chronic exposure to TDF and nevirapine contributes to hippocampal lipid peroxidation and Aβ accumulation, respectively, as well as spatial learning and memory deficits in mice even in the absence of HIV infection. These findings further support a possible link between ARV drug toxicity, Aβ accumulation and the persistence of HANDs.

scholarly journals Genetic Inactivation of Two-Pore Channel 1 Impairs Spatial Learning and Memory

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 401-410
Author(s):  
Robert Theodor Mallmann ◽  
Norbert Klugbauer
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Pore Channel ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Genetic Inactivation ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Higher Order Functions

Abstract Two-pore channels (TPCs) constitute a small family of cation channels that are localized in membranes of endosomal and lysosomal compartments. Although their roles for vesicular fusion and endolysosomal trafficking have been investigated, our knowledge on their expression pattern and higher order functions in the murine brain is still limited. Western blot analysis indicated a broad expression of TPC1 in the neocortex, cerebellum and hippocampus. In order to investigate the consequences of the genetic inactivation of TPC1, we performed a set of behavioural studies with TPC1−/− mice. TPC1−/− mice were analysed for an altered motor coordination and grip-strength, exploratory drive and anxiety as well as learning and memory. TPC1−/− mice did not show any differences in their exploratory drive or in their anxiety levels. There were also no differences in spontaneous activity or motor performance. However, the Morris water maze test uncovered a deficit in spatial learning and memory in TPC1−/− mice.

scholarly journals Concurrent Effects of Exercise and Curcumin on Spatial Learning and Memory in Sensitized Male Mice Following Morphine Administration

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laleh Elhampour ◽  
Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani ◽  
Mohammad Nasehi ◽  
Maghsoud Peeri
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Morphine Administration ◽  
Independent Effects

Background: Exercise and Curcumin have positive effects on spatial memory and cognition independently. The present study aims to investigate whether the combination of ineffectual dosage of these factors can affect cognition and as a solvent if DMSO is involved in Curcumin effects. Materials and Methods: Male NMRI mice (1-month-old) swam (1 week) for 60 minutes (5days/week) and injected with morphine (2.5 mg/ml/kg, intraperitoneal) for five days. Spatial learning and memory were assessed by Moris Water Maze test on the 10th day after stopping morphine injection. Results: The findings revealed that exercise, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and Curcumin increased memory formation induced by 2.5 mg/ml/kg morphine. DMSO+exercise decreased memory formation induced by morphine, but curcumin +exercise could return the effect of DMSO on the cognition. Conclusion: As a solvent, DMSO had independent effects on memory, which lead to memory impairment in combination with exercise. Therefore, considering its unpredictable effects on cognitive performance, it should be replaced with another solvent or might be used carefully in behavioral experiments. [GMJ.2019;8:e1072]

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