Abstract
Background
Understanding determinants of coronary calcium score could lead to the development of new preventive actions for reducing cardiovascular risk. Our hypothesis is that major cardiovascular risk factors are linked with coronary calcium score, but the parameters associated with moderate or high scores could be different.
Purpose
The aim of our study was to explore the potential determinants of moderate and high elevation of coronary calcium score in a population of patients at intermediate cardiovascular risk.
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional analysis, using data from a prospective cohort. Our study population was composed of people presenting with cardiovascular risk factors, who were referred by their attending physician for a complete assessment of their risk factors and for screening for silent cardiovascular disease. People in secondary prevention could also be referred. Coronary calcium score was assessed by cardiac CT scan. We used the following categories for classifying patients according to their coronary calcium score: low (0–100 AU (Agatston units)); moderate (101–300 AU) and high calcium score (greater than 300 AU). We performed a descriptive analysis and then we built a multinomial logistic regression model, using the low calcium score category as reference.
Results
Among the 1585 patients included in the database, we analyzed data from 1402 individuals who beneficiated from coronary calcium scoring. The sample included 714 (51%) men, and 144 (10%) people with a history of cardiovascular disease. Mean age was 59 yrs. Data from the multivariate analysis showed that age (OR=1.07; 95% CI [1.054–1.091] for 1-year increase), gender (OR=0.461; 95% CI [0.330–0.643] for women versus men) and smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day (OR=2.893; 95% CI [1.207–6.935]) were associated with a moderate calcium score. Variables associated with a high calcium score were: age (OR=1.097; 95% CI [1.076–1.119] for 1-year increase), gender (OR=0.221; 95% CI [0.151–0.323] for women vs men), treated dyslipidemia (OR=2.108; 95% CI [1.467–3.027]), treated hypertension (OR=2.199; 95% CI [1.523–3.175]), and history of cardiovascular disease (OR=4.138; 95% CI [2.510–6.823]).
Conclusions
In this study, well-known and modifiable cardiovascular risk factors are associated with calcium score. However, our results highlight that determinants of moderate and high scores may be different. While tobacco is associated with a higher risk of moderate calcium score, hypertension and dyslipidemia appear to be preferentially linked with the highest scores. It is thus appropriate that the 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for dyslipidemias have classified patients with hypertension and dyslipidemia in the high risk category.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: None
A coronary proatherosclerotic marker: Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and its association with coronary calcium score and carotid intima-media thickness
