ABSTRACT
The response of free-swimming Rhodobacter sphaeroidesto increases and decreases in the intensity of light of different wavelengths was analyzed. There was a transient (1 to 2 s) increase in swimming speed in response to an increase in light intensity, and there was a similar transient stop when the light intensity decreased. Measurement of changes in membrane potential and the use of electron transport inhibitors showed that the transient increase in swimming speed, following an increase in light intensity, and the stop following its decrease were the result of changes in photosynthetic electron transport. R. sphaeroides has two operons coding for multiple homologs of the enteric chemosensory genes. Mutants in the first chemosensory operon showed wild-type photoresponses. Mutants with the cheA gene of the second operon (cheA
II) deleted, either with or without the first operon present, showed inverted photoresponses, with free-swimming cells stopping on an increase in light intensity and increasing swimming speed on a decrease. These mutants also lacked adaptation. Transposon mutants with mutations incheA
II, which also reduced expression of downstream genes, however, showed no photoresponses. These results show that (i) free-swimming cells respond to both an increase and a decrease in light intensity (tethered cells only show the stopping on a step down in light intensity), (ii) the signal comes from photosynthetic electron transfer, and (iii) the signal is primarily channelled through the second chemosensory pathway. The different responses shown by thecheA
II deletion and insertion mutants suggest that CheWII is required for photoresponses, and a third sensory pathway can substitute for CheAII as long as CheWII is present. The inverted response suggests that transducers are involved in photoresponses as well as chemotactic responses.
Adaptation of intracytoplasmic membranes to altered light intensity in Rhodobacter sphaeroides
