Modelling and testing the effects of stimulus parameters on cortical reactions to multilocus TMS

Background: Acupuncture therapy has been widely applied all around the world. But there still lacks high-quality evidence to evaluate its clinical effects, safety and cost-effectiveness, which seriously restricts its further promotion and development. Acupuncture, as an operational intervention, is more complex than drug therapy. Factors involved in the acupuncture operation process, such as individual and interventional factors, may affect clinical effects. Purpose:s Through this systematic review, we attempt to analyze the current status of studies about the key factors influencing clinical effects, so as to provide evidence for the design of acupuncture studies. Methods: A literature research was conducted in six databases until May, 2020. Studies were screened and assessed by two authors independently. Data extraction was made after screening. We extracted the basic information of these studies, including publishing years and countries, population and factors influencing clinical effects.Results: Through the initial search in these six database, 6404 records were retrieved. After duplication and screening, a total of 355 studies were finally included in the qualitative analysis. About 88.5% of these studies were conducted in China with increasing number in the past decades, covering neurological disorders, orthopedic disorders, obstetrical and gynecological diseases, digestive diseases and so on; 239 studies focused on stimulus parameters which may influence effects, accounting for 67.3%, and 128, 44, 39, 32, 15, 11 studies discussed acupoints, patients’ pathological states, individual difference, psychological states, deqi, and other factors separately. Conclusion: There are more and more studies focusing on factors influencing acupuncture clinical effects, including stimulus parameters, acupoints, individual difference, patient pathological and psychological states. Based on this systematic review, several ignored factors should be considered for future researches, and more scientifically and objectively high quality evidence should also be proved.

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Cross-modality comparisons of averaged evoked potentials, their relation to vigilance and stimulus parameters in cats

Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology ◽

10.1016/0013-4694(72)90025-9 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 61-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jerzy Majkowski ◽

Aleksander Sobieszek

Keyword(s):

Evoked Potentials ◽

Stimulus Parameters

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Gender but not stimulus parameters influence prolactin response to electroconvulsive therapy

Psychoneuroendocrinology ◽

10.1016/s0306-4530(97)00034-6 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 337-348 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

S. Motreja ◽

D.K. Subbakrishna ◽

M.N. Subhash ◽

B.N. Gangadhar ◽

N. Janakiramaiah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽

Stimulus Parameters ◽

Prolactin Response

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The effects of maturation and stimulus parameters on the optimal f2/f1 ratio of the 2f1−f2 distortion product otoacoustic emission in neonates

Hearing Research ◽

10.1016/s0378-5955(00)00064-2 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 145 (1-2) ◽

pp. 17-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

D.K Brown ◽

D.M Bowman ◽

B.P Kimberley

Keyword(s):

Otoacoustic Emission ◽

Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission ◽

Distortion Product ◽

Stimulus Parameters

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Action selection based on multiple-stimulus aspects in the wind-elicited escape behavior of crickets

10.1101/2021.04.23.441064 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nodoka Sato ◽

Hisashi Shidara ◽

Hiroto Ogawa

Keyword(s):

Escape Behavior ◽

Movement Direction ◽

Neural Basis ◽

Stimulus Velocity ◽

Sensory Stimuli ◽

Defensive Behaviors ◽

Multiple Stimulus ◽

Stimulus Parameters ◽

Direction Control ◽

Escape Responses

ABSTRACTAnimals detect approaching predators via sensory inputs through various modalities and immediately show an appropriate behavioral response to survive. Escape behavior is essential to avoid the predator’s attack and is more frequently observed than other defensive behaviors. In some species, multiple escape responses are exhibited with different movements. It has been reported that the approaching speed of a predator is important in choosing which escape action to take among the multiple responses. However, it is unknown whether other aspects of sensory stimuli, that indicate the predator’s approach, affect the selection of escape responses. We focused on two distinct escape responses (running and jumping) to a stimulus (short airflow) in crickets and examined the effects of multiple stimulus aspects (including the angle, velocity, and duration) on the choice between these escape responses. We found that the faster and longer the airflow, the more frequently the crickets jumped, meaning that they could choose their escape response depending on both velocity and duration of the stimulus. This result suggests that the neural basis for choosing escape responses includes the integration process of multiple stimulus parameters. It was also found that the moving speed and distance changed depending on the stimulus velocity and duration during running but not during jumping, suggesting higher adaptability of the running escape. In contrast, the movement direction was accurately controlled regardless of the stimulus parameters in both responses. The escape direction depended only on stimulus orientation, but not on velocity and duration.Summary statementWhen air currents triggering escape are faster and longer, crickets more frequently jump than run. Running speed and distance depend on stimulus velocity and duration, but direction control is independent.

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