Does psychological safety at school affect psychological capital at work? Evidence from part-time MBA students

Purpose Existing research regarding the value of school education focuses primarily on the effects of educational level on core task performance after graduation. However, it is worth noting that knowledge, skills and abilities are not the only individual gains from school education. For part-time Master of Business Administration (MBA) students, the impact of MBA education on their real-time work during their two-year or so study journey has not been reported. This study aims to provide theoretical reasoning and empirical insights to clarify the impact of psychological safety at school on psychological capital (PsyCap) at work for part-time MBA students and examines the moderating role of constructive controversy at school in this relationship. Design/methodology/approach A survey of 286 part-time MBA students was conducted in a university located in Beijing to address the theoretical issue. Findings Students’ psychological safety at school is positively related to PsyCap at work. Constructive controversy at school acts as a positive moderator in the relationship between psychological safety at school and PsyCap at work. Originality/value This study establishes a link between the school and the workplace. It explores the relationship between an individual’s psychological states at school and at work and contributes to the literature on human resources and management education. Furthermore, the findings prove that students not only gain knowledge, skills and abilities from education but also positive psychological states, such as psychological safety.

Mindreading and Social Cognition

The cognitive ability to think about other people's psychological states is known as `mindreading'. This Element critiques assumptions that have been formative in shaping philosophical theories of mindreading: that mindreading is ubiquitous, underpinning the vast majority of our social interactions; and that its primary goal is to provide predictions and explanations of other people's behaviour. It begins with an overview of key positions and empirical literature in the debate. It then introduces and motivates the pluralist turn in this literature, which challenges the core assumptions of the traditional views. The second part of the Element uses case studies to further motivate the pluralist framework, and to advocate the pluralist approach as the best way to progress our understanding of social cognitive phenomena.

Analysis of recreational psychedelic substance use experiences classified by substance

Rationale and objectives Differences among psychedelic substances regarding their subjective experiences are clinically and scientifically interesting. Quantitative linguistic analysis is a powerful tool to examine such differences. This study compared five psychedelic substance report groups and a non-psychedelic report group on quantitative linguistic markers of psychological states and processes derived from recreational use-based online experience reports. Methods Using 2947 publicly available online reports, we compared Ayahuasca and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT, analyzed together), ketamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin (mushroom), and antidepressant drug use experiences. We examined word frequencies related to various psychological states and processes and semantic proximity to psychedelic and mystical experience scales. Results Linguistic markers of psychological function indicated distinct effect profiles. For example, MDMA experience reports featured an emotionally intensifying profile accompanied by many cognitive process words and dynamic-personal language. In contrast, Ayahuasca and DMT experience reports involved relatively little emotional language, few cognitive process words, increased analytical thinking-associated language, and the most semantic similarity with psychedelic and mystical experience descriptions. LSD, psilocybin mushroom, and ketamine reports showed only small differences on the emotion-, analytical thinking-, psychedelic, and mystical experience-related language outcomes. Antidepressant reports featured more negative emotional and cognitive process-related words, fewer positive emotional and analytical thinking-related words, and were generally not similar to mystical and psychedelic language. Conclusion This article addresses an existing research gap regarding the comparison of different psychedelic drugs on linguistic profiles of psychological states, processes, and experiences. The large sample of experience reports involving multiple psychedelic drugs provides valuable information that would otherwise be difficult to obtain. The results could inform experimental research into psychedelic drug effects in healthy populations and clinical trials for psychedelic treatments of psychiatric problems.

Financial Risk Prediction and Entrepreneurs’ Psychological Status Under Entrepreneurial Psychology

Entrepreneurship plays an important role in the development of national economy. The study aims to accelerate the construction of social and economic structure by improving the success rate of new entrepreneurs in the process of innovation and entrepreneurship. First, the related theories of financial risk prediction are introduced, and entrepreneurial psychological status and the psychological states on entrepreneurship are analyzed. Second, the current situation of entrepreneurial psychology of new entrepreneurs is analyzed through a questionnaire survey and model test. The results show that private enterprises account for the largest proportion, with a percentage of 58.14% of 125. In total, 32 Chinese-foreign joint ventures rank second and account for 14.88% of the total, and the scale of each type of enterprises accounts for 25%, respectively. The operating years of enterprises are mainly between 10 and 20 years. Among the enterprises surveyed, the significant level of entrepreneurial psychology and entrepreneurial opportunity of entrepreneurs is p = 0.000–0.01. It indicates that males’ psychological adjustment ability and entrepreneurial ability in the entrepreneurial process are higher than females’, and their entrepreneurial psychological states and entrepreneurial ability will improve with the growth of age, education levels, and positions. It is concluded that entrepreneurial psychological capital and entrepreneurial opportunity are significantly positively correlated with financial risk expectation. The research results prove the impact of financial risks on the entrepreneurial psychology of new entrepreneurs, and provide a reference for new entrepreneurs in predicting financial risks.

STUDY OF PECULIARITIES AND FACTORS OF MENTAL HEALTH IN PERSONS WITH DIFFERENT HEALTH LEVELS

The article examines the features and factors of manifestation of mental health in persons with different levels of health: mild health disorders, chronic diseases and other defects, severe health disorders and disabilities. At the beginning, the author cites the results of an analysis of theoretical sources on mental health problems and highlights the factors that affect its level: the presence and degree of physical disorders in health and the presence of mental disorders and negative psychological states. As shown by the results of a survey of research participants, more than 70% of them have mental health disorders, expressed in the manifestation of negative mental states and disorders. Further, the features of mental health in persons with different levels of health were studied by using the following questionnaires: "Scale of coherence", "Test of hardiness", "Test of dispositional optimism", "Test of social adaptation", "Methods of coping behavior". An analysis of the results of using these questionnaires showed that the presence and degree of disorders in human health affects a decrease in the levels of hardiness and dispositional optimism, and deterioration in mental health and the development of negative psychological states also lead to a decrease in hardiness and its components, and a decrease in optimistic expectations from changes in the future, a decrease in the level of a sense of coherence and the possibilities of cognitive perception of the surrounding reality, an increase in the level of negative impact of stress on the psychophysical state of a person and an increase in cases of choosing maladaptive coping strategies for coping with stress.

Examination of military personnel’s changed psychological states during long-term deployment in a war zone

Examining military personnel’s psychological states is an effective way to prevent negative mental health consequences during their deployment in a war zone. The present study identifies changes in the psychological states of military personnel (n = 192) during a 6-month deployment in a war zone in eastern Ukraine. The results confirmed both of our proposed hypotheses. First, with regard to time limits on military personnel’s deployment on the front lines in eastern Ukraine on the basis of examined psychological states, the estimated recommended deployment duration was three months. Second, we found significant differences in the dynamics of the psychological states of service members with versus without previous deployment experience. The results also substantiate that military personnel’s psychological states should be monitored during deployment in order to prevent negative mental health consequences and to ensure that military units successfully accomplish their tasks. Una de las formas más eficaces para prevenir las consecuencias negativas del despliegue en la zona militar para la salud mental de los militares es diagnosticar su estado psicológico. En el presente estudio se determinan las particularidades de los cambios en el estado psicológico de los militares (n = 192) durante el despliegue de seis meses en la zona militar en el este de Ucrania. Los resultados obtenidos confirmaron ambas hipótesis formuladas: en cuanto a la posibilidad de determinar, sobre la base del diagnóstico del estado psicológico, el plazo recomendado para el despliegue de los militares en la línea de demarcación en el este de Ucrania, que es de tres meses. Así como también sobre las posibles diferencias significativas en la dinámica del estado psicológico de los militares que tienen y no tienen experiencia en el despliegue. Asimismo, se argumenta la necesidad de monitorear el estado psicológico de los militares durante el despliegue con el propósito de prevenir oportunamente las consecuencias negativas para su salud mental y para la ejecución exitosa de las tareas de la subunidad militar.

Effectiveness of Social Interactivity in Merchant Websites on Emotional and Behavioral Responses

In a context of hyper connectivity, the designers of commercial websites are constantly seeking to generate favorable psychological states among internet users and to re-enchant them. This research aims to study the effect of the interaction between the social dimensions of interactivity on psychological states and the approach behavior of the e-consumer. Experimentation is chosen as the most appropriate method for testing the proposed model. An online experiment was conducted with 662 internet users. A merchant website was designed for the purposes of the study incorporating the interaction forms investigated. The results of this research underline the power of the social dimension of interactivity in the mediated market environments and show that a socially interactive site can generate the user's flow state, as well as a feeling of being physically present in a remote environment. This relation is moderated by the perceived risk.

Dead infant carrying by chimpanzee mothers in the Budongo Forest

It has been suggested that non-human primates (hereafter primates) can respond to deceased conspecifics in ways that suggest they experience psychological states not unlike humans, which would indicate they exhibit some notion of death. Here, we report long-term demographic data from two East African chimpanzee groups. During a combined 40-year observation period we recorded 191 births of which around a third died in infancy, mostly within the first year. We documented the post-mortem behaviour of the mothers and found that Budongo chimpanzee mothers routinely carried deceased infants after their death, usually until the body started to decompose after a few days. However, we also observed three cases of extended carrying lasting for more than 2-weeks, one of which was followed by the unusual extended carrying of a substitute object and another which lasted three months. In each case, the corpses mummified. We discuss these data in view of functional hypotheses of dead infant carrying in primates and regarding the potential proximate mechanisms involved in this behaviour. We suggest that chimpanzees may exhibit psychological processes related to death of conspecifics similar to human grieving.

Attachment-informed interventions with the perinatal population

With growing attention being paid to perinatal mood and anxiety disorders (PMADs) in both medical and mental health settings, there is a need for further elaboration on meaningful and impactful treatments with this population. This article outlines some of the unique stressors and psychological states that come with pregnancy and parenting a newborn and infant. The concepts and experiences discussed include: primary maternal preoccupation (Winnicott, 1956), parental ambivalence, major changes to the physical body, and reorganisation of attachment representations and current family dynamics. Clinical material from therapy sessions with patients at a specialised perinatal centre is included in the discussion of using an approach informed by attachment theory (Bowlby, 1988).