We systematically introduced defects onto the body of multi-walled carbon nanotubes through an acid treatment, and the evolution of these defects was examined by Raman spectroscopy using different excitation wavelengths. The D and D′ modes are most prominent and responsive to defect formation caused by acid treatment and exhibit dispersive behavior upon changing the excitation wavelengths as expected from the double resonance Raman (DRR) mechanism. Several weaker Raman resonances including D″ and L1 (L2) + D′ modes were also observed at the lower excitation wavelengths (633 and 785 nm). In addition, specific structural defects including the typical pentagon-heptagon structure (Stone–Wales defects) were identified by Raman spectroscopy. In a closer analysis we also observed Haeckelite structures, specifically Ag mode response in R5,7 and O5,6,7.
Multiple-excitation study of the double-resonance Raman bands in rhombohedral graphite
