ABSTRACT
High-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) requires differentiating epithelial cells to continue to divide in order to replicate the viral DNA. To achieve this, HPV perturbs several regulatory pathways, including cellular apoptosis and senescence signals. HPV E6 has been identified as a regulator of the NFκB signaling pathway, a pathway important in many cellular processes, as well as regulation of virus-host cell interactions. We report here that NFX1-91, an endogenously expressed transcriptional regulator of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) that is targeted by HPV type 16 (HPV16) E6/E6-associated protein (E6AP) for degradation, is also critical for regulation of the NFκB pathway by HPV16 E6. Microarray analysis revealed induction of NFκB-responsive genes and reduction of NFκB inhibitors with knockdown of NFX1-91. Knockdown of NFX1-91 induced downregulation of p105, an NFκB inhibitor in both primary human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) and HCT116 cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays further confirmed that NFX1-91 bound to the p105 promoter and upregulated its expression. Similarly, in HPV16 E6-positive cells, reduction of p105 expression was observed, paralleling knockdown of NFX1-91 expression. Overall, our data suggest a mechanism for HPV16 E6 activation of the NFκB pathway through NFX1-91. Also, it provides evidence that NFX1-91 can function as a dual regulator, not only a transcriptional repressor, but also a transcriptional activator, when bound to DNA.
The Tail of Kinesin-14a in Giardia Is a Dual Regulator of Motility
