Bone fracture in severe small-for-gestational-age, extremely low birth weight infants: A single-center analysis

All of the infants entered into the study were low-birth-weight infants (<2,500 gm). The majority of infants had a gestational age less than 37 completed weeks, and, of these, some were also small for gestational age. Sixteen infants had a gestational age of ≥37 weeks but were included in the study because their birth weight was below the tenth percentile for their gestational age. We agree with Drs Knobloch and Malone's comment about the interrelationship of all three figures: as gastation advances, birth weight and head circumference increase.

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INSENSIBLE WATER LOSS IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.50.2.236 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 236-245 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Avroy A. Fanaroff ◽

Michael Wald ◽

Howard S. Gruber ◽

Marshall H. Klaus

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Water Loss ◽

Thermal Environment ◽

Heat Shield ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Water Losses ◽

Large Water

Insensible water loss (IWL) was determined from measurements of insensible weight loss during the first 7 weeks of life on 30 immature and nine small-for-gestational age, low birth weight infants. Under standard conditions (single-walled incubator, infant nude, gavage feeding), 10 infants with birth weights less than 1,250 gm, gestational age < 230 days (32 weeks) and postnatal age <10 days lost >2.5 gm/kg/hr (equivalent to 60-120 ml/kg/day), considerably higher than previously reported. Studies following the insertion of a plastic heat shield revealed a 25% reduction in IWL. The heat shield facilitates achievement of neutral thermal environment and reduced water losses in low birth weight infants. IWL measurements in infants with birth weights >1,500 gm and those small-for-gestational age were similar to previously reported studies. Because of the known limited ability of small immature infants to increase metabolic rate, these extremely high losses are believed to represent disproportionately larger water losses from skin. Skin factors predisposing to large water loss in immature infants include thinner epidermis, increased water content, and increased permeability.

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Serum Thymic Hormone Activity and Cell-Mediated Immunity in Healthy Neonates, Preterm Infants, and Small-for-Gestational Age Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.67.3.407 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 407-411

Author(s):

R. K. Chandra

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Lymphocyte Stimulation ◽

Cell Mediated Immunity ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Thymic Hormone ◽

Appropriate For Gestational Age

Groups of healthy, small-for-gestational age (SGA) and preterm appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) infants were studied at birth, 1 month, 3 months, and 12 months of age. Serum thymic hormone (TH) activity was assayed, the number of T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was counted, and in vitro lymphocyte stimulation responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were evaluated. TH activity was decreased in 1-month-old SGA infants. T cells were reduced in all low birth weight infants; the number reverted to normal by 3 months of age in preterm AGA infants, whereas it remained low for at least 12 months in the SGA group. Lymphocyte stimulation response was decreased in low birth weight infants; the extent of depression paralleled reduction in T lymphocyte number. These observations indicate that cell-mediated immunity is impaired in low birth weight newborns and reduced TH activity may be one of the pathogenetic factors involved. Persistent depression of immunocompetence may underlie the increased susceptibility of SGA infants to infection-related morbidity and mortality.

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Pre-discharge growth pattern of very low birth weight infants (VLBW): A 5 year single center experience

Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine ◽

10.3233/npm-200592 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

S.H. Elbeely ◽

M.A. AlQurashi

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Growth Pattern ◽

Very Low Birth Weight ◽

Single Center ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vlbw Infants ◽

The Mean

BACKGROUND: Very low birth weight infants born prematurely are at greater risk for growth delays that lead to Ex-utero Growth Restriction (EUGR) during vulnerable periods of organ structural and functional development. There is considerable evidence that early growth failure has adverse effects on long term neurodevelopment in children which often persists into adulthood. METHODS: This is a single-center cross-sectional study on live newborn infants with birth weight ranges from 500 to 1500 grams (VLBW) and gestational age (GA) between 24–32 weeks who were admitted to NICU at KAMC-Jeddah over a 5 year period (2009–2013). This study aims to evaluate predischarge growth pattern of VLBW infants in terms of weight, head circumference (HC) and length and to identify important variables that have influenced such growth pattern. RESULTS: Of the 135 infants included in the final analysis, 68 (50.4%) were male and 67 (49.6%) were female and the mean gestational age was 28.83±2.064 weeks and the mean birth weight 1166.74±256 grams. Ninety-two infants (68%) had discharge weight at ≤10th percentile and forty four (32%) had their weight >10th percentile. HC was the lowest affected among the anthropometric measurements with 42% ≤10th percentile. In terms of linear growth, 62% had their length ≤10th percentile. Amongst infants born ≤750 grams, 71% and 70% had HC and height at ≤10th percentile respectively, at the time of discharge. BPD was significantly associated with EUGR (p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that almost 2/3rd of VLBW infants born at KAMC-Jeddah with birth weight ≤750 grams were discharged home with EUGR as demonstrated by their weight, length, and HC ≤10th percentile. BPD was found to be significantly associated with EUGR amongst post-natal factors influencing EUGR.

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Outcome of Extremely-Low-Birth-Weight Infants at Highest Risk: Gestational Age ≤24 Weeks, Birth Weight ≤750 g, and 1-Minute Apgar ≤3

Yearbook of Obstetrics Gynecology and Women s Health ◽

10.1016/s1090-798x(08)70407-7 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 2006 ◽

pp. 159-161

Author(s):

P.P. van den Berg

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Extremely Low Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants

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Reticulocyte Count: The Forgotten Factor in Transfusion Decisions for Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants

American Journal of Perinatology ◽

10.1055/a-1653-4585 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Nakhla ◽

Alla Kushnir ◽

Rafat Ahmed ◽

Vineet Bhandari ◽

Krystal Hunter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Reticulocyte Count ◽

Retrospective Chart Review ◽

Extremely Low Birth Weight ◽

Positive Trend ◽

Reference Ranges ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Packed Red Blood Cells

Background: Extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants often receive transfusions of packed red blood cells. Long-term outcomes of infants treated with liberal versus restricted transfusion criteria have been evaluated with conflicting results. Clinicians incorporate a reticulocyte count (RC) in their transfusion decisions. There is a lack of information on reference ranges for RCs in growing ELBW infants and whether infant’s chronologic age or corrected gestational age generates a specific trend in the RCs. Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the levels of RCs obtained from ELBW infants over the course of the initial hospitalization. Study Design: A retrospective chart review of ELBW infants treated in the neonatal intensive care unit and had RCs performed. We analyzed the RCs to observe trends based on the chronologic age and corrected gestational age. Results: A total of 738 RCs were analyzed. A positive trend in RCs that reached a peak at 32-34 weeks corrected gestational age and then experienced a downward trend was observed. Conclusions: Our report examines a very common hematologic test that is theoretically helpful but is in need of guidelines concerning the appropriate frequency of testing and its utility in making transfusion decisions in ELBW infants.

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