scholarly journals Towards sustainable urban basic services in low-income countries: A Technological Innovation System analysis of sanitation value chains in Nairobi

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 196-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara J. van Welie ◽  
Bernhard Truffer ◽  
Xiao-Shan Yap
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Basic Services

scholarly journals Innovation system formation in international development cooperation: The role of intermediaries in urban sanitation

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara J van Welie ◽  
Wouter P C Boon ◽  
Bernhard Truffer
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Development Cooperation ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Global Innovation ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Intermediary Role ◽  
International Development Cooperation

Abstract The transformation of urban basic service sectors towards more sustainability is one of the ‘grand challenges’ for public policy, globally. A particular urgent problem is the provision of sanitation in cities in low-income countries. The globally dominant centralised sewerage approach has proven incapable to reach many of the urban poor. Recently, an increasing number of actors in international development cooperation has started to develop alternative safely managed non-grid approaches. We approach their efforts as an emerging ‘global innovation system’ and investigate how its development can be supported by systemic intermediaries. We analyse the activities of the ‘Sustainable Sanitation Alliance’, an international network that coordinates activities in the sanitation sector and thereby supports this innovation system. The findings show how demand ing it is to fulfil an intermediary role in a global innovation system, because of the need to consider system processes at different scales, in each phase of system building.

A technological innovation system approach to analysis knowledge spillover, the case of rotary-wing technology in Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-561
Author(s):  
Tahereh Miremadi ◽  
Mahdi Baharloo
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Evolutionary Economics ◽  
National Level ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Knowledge Spillover ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Functional Dynamics ◽  
Limited Power

Purpose This paper aims to contribute to the debate of knowledge spillover by presenting a new application for the approach of the technological innovation system (TIS). Design/methodology/approach Based on the evolutionary economics of the TIS approach, a new framework for knowledge spillover is built and applied to a case. To collect data in studying the case, a mix of quantitative–qualitative methods are used. Findings TIS approach can help build a framework to analyze knowledge spillover from defense to the civil sector. This framework shows the direct relationship between the functional dynamics of the system and the spillover mechanism.. Research limitations/implications Sharing the same weakness as TIS, the suggested framework does not pay attention to the contextual factors. Practical implications This framework is an analytical tool. It could be used for educational and research purposes, but it has limited power to devise policy guidelines. Social implications This framework is an analytical tool. It could be used for educational and research purposes. But it has limited power to devise policy guidelines. Originality/value The paper deviates from the conventional literature of knowledge spillover which uses national level of system analysis. Based on TIS, it adds a new perspective to the literature which had suffered from a limited value of generalizability.

Wheelchair Postural Support Solutions for Low-Income Countries

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-28
Author(s):  
Ray Mines
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Full Participation ◽  
Rehabilitation Facilities ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Trained Staff ◽  
Postural Support

An estimated 80% of the world's disabled people live in low-income countries. The majority of them are poor and do not have access to basic services, including rehabilitation facilities. Motivation is an international organization working in low-income countries to improve opportunities for disabled people by positively influencing their physical, social, and economic situations to enable their full participation in society. Providing good-quality, low-cost, ergonomic wheelchairs in low-income countries is extremely challenging. These complex issues are best addressed by establishing comprehensive services with trained staff and a range of innovative product solutions.

scholarly journals Integration of Small Farmers Into Global Value Chains: Challenges and opportunities inside the current global demand. Integración de pequeños agricultores en cadenas globales de valor: Desafíos y oportunidades dentro de la demanda global actual.

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Joselyne Nájera
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Impact

<p><strong>Resumen</strong></p><p>Las cadenas de valor global a menudo representan una opción, para las empresas y proveedores locales en los países en desarrollo, para obtener acceso a mercados de alto valor y nuevas tecnologías. Considerando que los beneficios potenciales de las cadenas de valor globales para los países en desarrollo están bien documentados, los estudios que se ocupan del impacto en los países en vías de desarrollo son escasos. El objetivo principal del artículo es analizar los principales retos y oportunidades que se derivan de la inserción de los pequeños agricultores en las cadenas de valor globales. El artículo sugiere que los pequeños agricultores se enfrentan a desafíos y oportunidades para el desarrollo dentro del mercado globalizado actual. Asimismo, se propone un modelo para la inserción sostenible y competitiva que pueda ser puesto en práctica, dado que aspectos como la educación, el acceso a la tecnología, el acceso a las finanzas, el apoyo a las políticas y la innovación pueden contener la clave para convertir una crisis en una oportunidad.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Global value chains often represent an option for local firms and suppliers in developing countries to get access to high-value markets and new technologies. Whereas the potential benefits from global value chains for medium-income developing countries are well documented, the studies dealing with the impact on low-income countries are scarce. The  objective of the article is to analyze the main challenges and opportunities derived from the insertion of small farmers in global value chains.The article suggests that small farmers are intertwined between both challenges and opportunities for development in this globalized market, nonetheless a model for sustainable and competitive insertion can be placed under consideration since aspects like education, access to technology, access to finance, policy support, and innovation can hold the key for turning a crisis into an opportunity.</p>

scholarly journals Toward a New Field of Global Engineering

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 3789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Access Technology ◽  
Global Engineering ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Development Engineering ◽  
Development And Validation

The Engineer’s role in addressing global poverty challenges has often been confined to village and community-scale interventions, product design and development, or large-scale infrastructure design and construction. Yet despite fifty years of these approaches, over half the world’s population still lives on less than $5.50 a day, the global burden of disease in low-income countries is overwhelmingly attributable to environmental health contaminants, and climate change is already negatively affecting people in developing countries. The conventional community, product or infrastructure focuses of development engineering is insufficient to address these global drivers that perpetuate poverty. The emerging field of Global Engineering can work to identify and address these structural issues. Global Engineering should be concerned with the unequal and unjust distribution of access to basic services such as water, sanitation, energy, food, transportation and shelter, and place an emphasis on identifying the drivers, determinants and solutions favoring equitable access. Technology development and validation, data collection and impact evaluation can contribute to evidence-based influence on policies and practice. Global Engineering envisions a world in which everyone has safe water, sanitation, energy, food, shelter and infrastructure, and can live in health, dignity, and prosperity.

scholarly journals Value Chains for Industrial Biotechnology in the Bioeconomy-Innovation System Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Wydra
Keyword(s):  
System Analysis ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Innovation Systems ◽  
Market Condition ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Industrial Biotechnology ◽  
Market Formation ◽  
Address System

Industrial Biotechnology (IB) is considered as a key technology with a strong potential to generate new growth, spur innovation, increase productivity, and tackle environmental and climate challenges. Industrial Biotechnology is applied in many segments of the bioeconomy ranging from chemicals, biofuels, bioenergy, bio-based plastics, and other biomaterials. However, the segments differ profoundly regarding volume, price, type, and amount of needed feedstock, market condition, societal contributions as well as maturity, etc. This article aims to analyse a set of five different value chains in the technological innovation system (TIS) framework in order to derive adequate policy conclusions. Hereby, we focus on quite distinctive value chains to take into account the high heterogeneity of biotechnological applications. The analysis points out that policy maker have to take into account the fundamental differences in the innovation systems and to implement differentiated innovation policy to address system weaknesses. In particular, market formation is often the key bottleneck innovation systems, but different policy instruments for various application segments needed.

scholarly journals Local supplier firms in Madagascar’s apparel export industry: Upgrading paths, transnational social relations and regional production networks

2020 ◽  
pp. 0308518X2096110
Author(s):  
Lindsay Whitfield ◽  
Cornelia Staritz
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Technological Capabilities ◽  
Production Networks ◽  
Local Firms

This article asks whether and how local firms in low-income countries can participate, upgrade and capture value in apparel global value chains in the context of increased entry barriers and asymmetric power relations. It focuses on Madagascar, which is the top apparel exporter in Sub-Saharan Africa and one where there is a significant number of local firms. The article examines the capability-building processes of local firms, which are the basis for upgrading paths and broader sector development. We do this by combining conceptual insights from the Technological Capabilities literature with the conjunctural approach to Global Value Chains and Global Production Networks. Based on extensive fieldwork in Madagascar’s apparel export sector, the article explains how the relational, local and regional assets that local firms can leverage in building technological capabilities influence their choices with regards to export strategies and their upgrading paths. In turn, these assets are linked to different types of local ownership, and they emerge through historical legacies and the national socio-economic context, which give rise to specific transnational social relations, as well as through regional economic formations and global value chain dynamics.

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