Density and relative frequency effects on competitive interactions and resource use in pea–barley intercrops

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 256-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hauggaard-Nielsen ◽  
M.K. Andersen ◽  
B. Jørnsgaard ◽  
E.S. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Frequency Effects

Wordform-specific frequency effects cause acoustic variation in zero-inflected homophones

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-739
Author(s):  
Eva Maria Luef ◽  
Jong-Seung Sun
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Access ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Reduction Processes ◽  
Specific Frequency ◽  
Phonetic Reduction ◽  
Acoustic Variation

Abstract The frequency with which a word appears in the lexicon has implications for its pronunciation. Numerous studies have shown that high-frequency lemma are characterized by more phonetic reduction than lower-frequency lemma. These findings have proven to be particularly useful in the study of homophones where frequency-related reduction processes can give insights into lexical access theories. The majority of research on homophones and frequency effects has focused on heterographic and semantically unrelated homophones (e.g., English time – thyme) or investigated zero-derived homophones (e.g., English the cut, noun – to cut, verb). Here, zero inflection in German pluralization (e.g., ein Würfel ‘one die’– zwei Würfel ‘two dice’) was investigated to determine if and how frequency effects impact on the acoustic realization of the homophonous singular-plural word pairs. The findings indicate that the number-specified wordforms show acoustic variation related to wordform frequency and the relative frequency of the singular to plural inflected forms. Results differ for durations of wordforms, stem vowels, and final phonemes. Our findings have implications for lexical access theories and can inform about ‘frequency inheritance’ across the singular and plural homophones of the zero-inflected plurals.

Interspecific Interactions II: Competition and Mutualism

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-84
Author(s):  
Michael J. Fogarty ◽  
Jeremy S. Collie
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Biotic Interaction ◽  
Controlled Experiments ◽  
Aquatic Communities ◽  
Shared Resource ◽  
Differential Reduction

Competition and mutualism are important forms of biotic interaction in aquatic communities. Quantification of the population and community-level effects of these interactions has historically been less common in fisheries analyses than predation. In part, this reflects the difficulties in conducting controlled experiments for larger-bodied organisms in aquatic environments. Documenting competition entails not only identifying patterns of shared resource use but evidence that these resources are limiting. Inferences concerning competitive interactions in non-experimental settings may be possible if histories of population change for putative competitors are available and quantifiable interventions involving the addition of a species (through deliberate or inadvertent introductions) or a differential reduction in abundance of the species through harvesting is undertaken. Care must be taken to account for other changes in the environment in these uncontrolled quasi-experiments. Mutualistic interactions are widely recognized in aquatic ecosystems but far less commonly quantified than competition.

scholarly journals Inducible competitors and adaptive diversification

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beren W. Robinson ◽  
David W. Pfennig
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Adaptive Diversification ◽  
Divergent Natural Selection

Abstract Identifying the causes of diversification is central to evolutionary biology. The ecological theory of adaptive diversification holds that the evolution of phenotypic differences between populations and species—and the formation of new species—stems from divergent natural selection, often arising from competitive interactions. Although increasing evidence suggests that phenotypic plasticity can facilitate this process, it is not generally appreciated that competitively mediated selection often also provides ideal conditions for phenotypic plasticity to evolve in the first place. Here, we discuss how competition plays at least two key roles in adaptive diversification depending on its pattern. First, heterogenous competition initially generates heterogeneity in resource use that favors adaptive plasticity in the form of “inducible competitors”. Second, once such competitively induced plasticity evolves, its capacity to rapidly generate phenotypic variation and expose phenotypes to alternate selective regimes allows populations to respond readily to selection favoring diversification, as may occur when competition generates steady diversifying selection that permanently drives the evolutionary divergence of populations that use different resources. Thus, competition plays two important roles in adaptive diversification—one well-known and the other only now emerging—mediated through its effect on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity.

Pragmatic motivations for the development of evidential and modal meaning in the construction “be supposed to X”

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catie Berkenfield
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
General Category ◽  
Discourse Function ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Passive Construction ◽  
Linguistic Patterns ◽  
Semantic Development ◽  
Semantic Properties

The English construction “be supposed to X” is used in a variety of functions in Present-day English, including evidential, epistemic, and deontic functions. This research offers description and explanations for the development of the evidential, epistemic, and deontic functions from an earlier passive construction, through distinct processes of reanalysis (Hopper and Traugott 1993). I argue that the motivations for these semantic and syntactic shifts are motivated by pragmatic inferences based on: discourse function, discourse expectations about human subjects, frequency effects related to semantic properties of the construction in discourse, and reader-writer expectations about genre type. The results indicate that the evidential function is not part of the general category of epistemicity for this construction, following de Haan (1999, 2001b); that this construction does not exhibit the predicted pathway of semantic development from deontic to epistemic functions (Traugott 1989) due to constraints imposed by the source construction; and that genre plays an important role not only in the relative frequency of the construction (Biber et al. 1999), but also in the emergence of the deontic function diachronically. Finally, I situate the construction in relation to cross-linguistic patterns (Bybee et al. 1994), noting how it parallels broader patterns in the development of the deontic function.

scholarly journals The subjective frequency of word n-grams

Psihologija ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyrus Shaoul ◽  
Chris Westbury ◽  
Harald Baayen
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Subjective Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Probabilistic Information ◽  
Limited Success ◽  
N Gram ◽  
Large Corpus

When asked to think about the subjective frequency of an n-gram (a group of n words), what properties of the n-gram influence the respondent? It has been recently shown that n-grams that occurred more frequently in a large corpus of English were read faster than n-grams that occurred less frequently (Arnon & Snider, 2010), an effect that is analogous to the frequency effects in word reading and lexical decision. The subjective frequency of words has also been extensively studied and linked to performance on linguistic tasks. We investigated the capacity of people to gauge the absolute and relative frequencies of n-grams. Subjective frequency ratings collected for 352 n-grams showed a strong correlation with corpus frequency, in particular for n-grams with the highest subjective frequency. These n-grams were then paired up and used in a relative frequency decision task (e.g. Is green hills more frequent than weekend trips?). Accuracy on this task was reliably above chance, and the trial-level accuracy was best predicted by a model that included the corpus frequencies of the whole n-grams. A computational model of word recognition (Baayen, Milin, Djurdjevic, Hendrix, & Marelli, 2011) was then used to attempt to simulate subjective frequency ratings, with limited success. Our results suggest that human n-gram frequency intuitions arise from the probabilistic information contained in n-grams.

scholarly journals GPS Collar Sampling Frequency: Effects on Measures of Resource Use

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dustin D. Johnson ◽  
David C. Ganskopp
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Sampling Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Gps Collar
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