Long-term growth trends of Abies delavayi and its physiological responses to a warming climate in the Cangshan Mountains, southwestern China

This experiment studied the effects of lactation housing systems and human interaction on piglets’ responses to routine stressors. Forty litters of piglets were reared in either a standard farrowing crate (FC) or a loose farrowing and lactation pen (LP; PigSAFE pen) and received either routine contact with humans (C) or regular opportunities for positive human contact (+HC; 3 min of patting, stroking and scratching 5 times/week). Behavioural and physiological responses to routine husbandry procedures, weaning, novelty and humans were studied in addition to effects on piglet growth, injuries and survival. Compared to C piglets, +HC piglets vocalised for shorter durations (p = 0.018) during husbandry procedures and showed a lower intensity of escape behaviour during iron injection (p = 0.042) and oral vaccination (p = 0.026) at 3 d of age, capture at 2 wk of age (p < 0.001), and intramuscular vaccination (p = 0.005) at 3 wk of age. +HC piglets at 2 wk of age were faster than C piglets to approach (p = 0.048) and interact (p = 0.042) with a stationary unfamiliar human. Compared to LP piglets, FC piglets showed a lower intensity of escape behaviour during capture and iron administration by a stockperson at 3 d of age (p = 0.043). FC piglets at 2 wk of age were faster than LP piglets to approach (p = 0.005) and interact (p = 0.027) with a novel object and approach (p = 0.009) and interact (p = 0.008) with an unfamiliar human. FC piglets had fewer injuries than LP piglets at 2 wk of age (p = 0.004). +HC pigs had fewer injuries than C pigs after weaning (p = 0.003). After weaning there were more pigs from LP than FC observed to be upright (both stationary, p = 0.002 and walking, p = 0.024), vocalizing (p = 0.004), nosing another pig (p = 0.035) and nosing the pen floor (p = 0.038). There were no significant effects on neutrophil:lymphocyte ratios or plasma cortisol concentrations 1.5 h after weaning. However, 25 h after weaning +HC pigs had higher haptoglobin concentrations than C pigs (p = 0.002), and C/LP pigs had higher cortisol concentrations than +HC/LP and C/FC pigs (p = 0.012). There were no significant effects on piglet growth, the number of piglets born alive or the number stillborn, however there were more piglets weaned from FC than LP (p = 0.035). The results from this experiment raise questions that require further research on the ability of pigs reared in loose pens to cope with stressors such as exposure to humans, novelty, husbandry procedures and weaning. This experiment also provides evidence that regular positive human interaction reduces pigs’ fear of humans and husbandry procedures imposed by stockpeople. More research is required to determine if any of these effects are sustained long-term.

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Long-Term Growth Trends of Trees: Ten Years of Dendrochronological Studies in France

Growth Trends in European Forests ◽

10.1007/978-3-642-61178-0_14 ◽

1996 ◽

pp. 167-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Vincent Badeau ◽

Michel Becker ◽

Didier Bert ◽

Jean Luc Dupouey ◽

François Lebourgeois ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Trends

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Monitoring the Resistance of the Citrus Red Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) to Four Acaricides in Different Citrus Orchards in China

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toz335 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 113 (2) ◽

pp. 918-923 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Deng Pan ◽

Wei Dou ◽

Guo-Rui Yuan ◽

Qi-Hao Zhou ◽

Jin-Jun Wang

Keyword(s):

High Resistance ◽

Southern China ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Resistance Management ◽

Susceptible Strain ◽

Southwestern China ◽

Panonychus Citri ◽

Citrus Red Mite ◽

Citrus Orchards

Abstract The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), is an important spider mite pest in citrus producing areas. Owing to long-term acaricide exposure, resistance has evolved rapidly in recent years. To evaluate the extent of resistance, seven field mite populations sampled from various geographical locations in China during 2015–2018 were tested using the leaf-dip bioassay method to determine their susceptibilities to four acaricides. In comparison with the susceptible strain maintained in the laboratory, low or moderate levels of fenpropathrin resistance, while no resistance to abamectin or cyflumetofen, were found among populations sampled from Liangping, Wanzhou, Daying, and Anyue in Southwestern China during the test period. High levels (>1,000-fold, with LC50 values that were greater than the recommended concentration) of resistance to fenpropathrin had evolved in field populations from Southern China, including Guilin, Nanning, and Yuxi, when compared with that of the susceptible strain. Populations from Guilin and Nanning also evolved high resistance levels to abamectin (1,088-fold and 1,401-fold) and cyflumetofen (2,112-fold and 9,093-fold). All the populations sampled in 2018 showed a moderate or high resistance to bifenazate. Generally, field populations of citrus red mites from Southwestern China were more sensitive to the tested acaricides than those of Southern China. The data provide a foundation for developing acaricide resistance management strategies in these regions.

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Comparative Study of Plant Physiological Responses to Long-Term and Short-Term Daily Exposures to Low Temperature in the Presence of Protein-Synthesis Inhibitors

Biology Bulletin Reviews ◽

10.1134/s2079086420010077 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 71-80

Author(s):

E. G. Sherudilo ◽

T. G. Shibaeva ◽

E. N. Ikkonen ◽

A. F. Titov

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Comparative Study ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽

Short Term

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Organ-Specific Physiological Responses to Acute Physical Exercise and Long-Term Training in Humans

Physiology ◽

10.1152/physiol.00067.2013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 29 (6) ◽

pp. 421-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Ilkka Heinonen ◽

Kari K. Kalliokoski ◽

Jarna C. Hannukainen ◽

Dirk J. Duncker ◽

Pirjo Nuutila ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Energy Production ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Oxygen Oxygen ◽

Physiological Adaptations ◽

Organ Specific ◽

Acute Physical Exercise ◽

Hormonal Milieu

Virtually all tissues in the human body rely on aerobic metabolism for energy production and are therefore critically dependent on continuous supply of oxygen. Oxygen is provided by blood flow, and, in essence, changes in organ perfusion are also closely associated with alterations in tissue metabolism. In response to acute exercise, blood flow is markedly increased in contracting skeletal muscles and myocardium, but perfusion in other organs (brain and bone) is only slightly enhanced or is even reduced (visceral organs). Despite largely unchanged metabolism and perfusion, repeated exposures to altered hemodynamics and hormonal milieu produced by acute exercise, long-term exercise training appears to be capable of inducing effects also in tissues other than muscles that may yield health benefits. However, the physiological adaptations and driving-force mechanisms in organs such as brain, liver, pancreas, gut, bone, and adipose tissue, remain largely obscure in humans. Along these lines, this review integrates current information on physiological responses to acute exercise and to long-term physical training in major metabolically active human organs. Knowledge is mostly provided based on the state-of-the-art, noninvasive human imaging studies, and directions for future novel research are proposed throughout the review.

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Extracting environmentally driven growth trends from diameter increment series based on a multiplicative decomposition model

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x11-056 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 41 (8) ◽

pp. 1577-1589 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Chaofang Yue ◽

Ulrich Kohnle ◽

Marc Hanewinkel ◽

Joachim Klädtke

Keyword(s):

Conceptual Framework ◽

Least Squares ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Nonlinear Least Squares ◽

Additive Models ◽

Site Quality ◽

Multiplicative Decomposition ◽

Growth Trends ◽

Diameter Increment

The study developed a conceptual framework for partitioning the components of diameter increment to potentially detect the influence of environmental changes. This process consisted of two steps. First, a multiplicative decomposition diameter increment model was introduced to evaluate the influence of ageing, site quality, competition status, and thinning effects on individual tree growth. Second, generalized additive models were applied to identify the nonlinear dynamic of growth trends caused by environmental changes. The conceptual framework was then applied to Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) growing in southwest Germany. The database consisted primarily of tree ring series collected from trees cut from long-term experimental stands. Also, stand-level data were available from periodical remeasurements of these plots. The developed analytical technique effectively removed non-environment-related effects (ageing, site quality, and stand dynamic) from the growth signal provided in the diameter increment series. Growth trends deducted from estimates based on either nonlinear least squares, generalized nonlinear least squares, or nonlinear mixed-effects approaches displayed quite similar patterns. In general, the trend in diameter increment showed a long-term increase from the 1920s into the 1990s with a midterm depression in the 1940s that was followed by a significant decrease in the recent past.

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Observed Characteristics of Hail Size in Four Regions in China during 1980–2005

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/2010jcli3600.1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 23 (18) ◽

pp. 4973-4982 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Baoguo Xie ◽

Qinghong Zhang ◽

Yuqing Wang

Keyword(s):

Northern China ◽

Guizhou Province ◽

Southwestern China ◽

Autonomous Region ◽

Term Trend ◽

Freezing Level ◽

Working Together ◽

Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region ◽

Long Term Trend

Abstract The climatology and long-term trend of hail size in four regions of China are documented for the period of 1980–2005 using the maximum hail diameter (MHD) data obtained from the Meteorological Administrations of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR), Guizhou Province, and Hebei Province. The reported MHD is mainly around 10 mm in the four regions. Guizhou (in southwestern China) has the largest proportion of severe hail (MHD greater than 15 mm) among the four regions. Severe hail in southwestern China mainly occurs between February and June, while in northern China it occurs in summer (from May to August) with the peak in June. During the period studied, the size of severe hail shows a slight downtrend in Guizhou and IMAR, whereas it shows an uptrend and a flat trend in Hebei and XUAR, respectively. However, none of the trends is statistically significant. Results from sensitivity experiments using a one-dimensional numerical model show that hail size is sensitive to the freezing level height, the maximum updraft, and column cloud liquid water—all working together to determine the geographic distribution and long-term trend of the observed hail size in China.

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