In an effort to resolve some controversies regarding the turbulent mixing-layer structure, the near field of a large (18 cm diameter) air jet has been investigated for the jet exit speed of 30 m s−1. The smoke-laden axisymmetric mixing layer has been illuminated by a thin sheet of laser light in an azimuthal plane passing through the jet axis. High-speed visualization films of the mixing layer in the region of its self-preservation (of which a few picture sequences depicting space-time evolutions of the structure of the layer are presented) reveal that most of the time the mixing layer is in a state of disorganization, consisting of relatively smaller scale, random and diffuse turbulent motions; only occasionally are organized distinct large-scale coherent structures formed. The survival distances of the large-scale structures are found to be comparable to their average sizes. The survival time of these structures is about one ‘turnover’ time, each being roughly about five times the local characteristic time scale of the mixing layer. It is seen that tearing is as dominant a mode of large-scale interaction as pairing is; large-scale structures are continually sheared and typically fragmented due to a segment on the high-speed side being torn and swept away from the slower-moving outer portion. Evolution of the large structures occur not primarily through complete pairing as widely believed but quite frequently through ‘fractional pairing’ between segments which have been torn from different upstream large-scale coherent structures or through ‘partial pairing’ when one structure captures only a part of another. The movies show that along with entrainment of non-vortical ambient fluid, radially outward ejection of vortical fluid into the ambient is an important aspect of jet mixing. From aligned displays of ciné film frame sequences, space-time trajectories of identifiable vortical fluid elements have been traced. The convection velocity variation across the shear layer and even the overall structure convection velocity measured from these trajectories agree with those determined from the wave-number-celerity spectra, obtained from double-Fourier transformation of longitudinal velocity space-time correlation measurements with hot-wires.The visualization films do not bear out the two-street vortex ring model recently propounded by Lau. Based on our observations, we propose that tearing, ‘slippage’ and fractional and partial pairings are responsible for the observed radial variation of structure passage frequency, and the causes of the different coherent structures educed by Bruun on the high- and low-speed sides of the mixing layer and for Yule's failure in educing a coherent structure on the low-speed side of the layer.
Large-scale structures predicted by linear models of wall-bounded turbulence
