Odor identification performance in children using the “U-Sniff” test – Administered by an untrained person

AbstractOlfactory identification impairment might indicate future cognitive decline in elderly individuals. An unresolved question is to what extent this effect is dependent on the ApoE-ε4, a genotype associated with risk of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Given the current concern about reproducibility in empirical research, we assessed this issue in a large sample (n = 1637) of older adults (60 – 96 years) from the population-based longitudinal Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K). A hierarchical regression analysis was carried out to determine if a low score on an odor identification test, and the presence of ApoE-ε4, would predict the magnitude of a prospective 6-year change in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) after controlling for demographic, health-related, and cognitive variables. We found that overall, lower odor identification performance was predictive of cognitive decline, and, as hypothesized, we found that the effect was most pronounced among ApoE-ε4 carriers. Our results from this high-powered sample suggest that in elderly carriers of the ApoE-ε4 allele, odor identification impairment provides an indication of future cognitive decline, which has relevance for the prognosis of AD.

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Odor Identification and Regional Gray Matter Atrophy in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and the Healthy Elderly: A Cross-Sectional Structural MRI Study

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11101296 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 1296

Author(s):

Simonas Jesmanas ◽

Rymantė Gleiznienė ◽

Mindaugas Baranauskas ◽

Vaidas Matijošaitis ◽

Daiva Rastenytė

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Gray Matter ◽

Odor Identification ◽

Identification Performance ◽

Healthy Elderly ◽

Gray Matter Atrophy ◽

Deep Gray Matter

Multiple associations between impaired olfactory performance and regional cortical and deep gray matter atrophy have been reported in separate studies of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and of the healthy elderly. We aimed to evaluate such possible associations among these populations in a unified manner. Twenty AD, twenty PD patients’ and twenty healthy age- and sex-matched controls’ odor identification performance was assessed with the Lithuanian adaptation of the Sniffin’ Sticks 12 odor identification test, followed by morphometric gray matter analysis by MRI using FreeSurfer. AD patients had significantly lower cognitive performance than both PD patients and the healthy elderly, as evaluated with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Odor identification performance was significantly worse in AD and PD patients compared with the healthy elderly; AD patients performed slightly worse than PD patients, but the difference was not statistically significant. Among patients with AD, worse odor identification performance was initially correlated with atrophy of multiple cortical and deep gray matter regions known to be involved in olfactory processing, however, only two measures—decreased thicknesses of the right medial and left lateral orbitofrontal cortices—remained significant after adjustment for possible confounders (age, MMSE score, and global cortical thickness). Among patients with PD and the healthy elderly we found no similar statistically significant correlations. Our findings support the key role of the orbitofrontal cortex in odor identification among patients with AD, and suggest that correlations between impaired odor identification performance and regional gray matter atrophy may be relatively more pronounced in AD rather than in PD.

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Correction to: Odor identification performance in children aged 3–6 years

Pediatric Research ◽

10.1038/s41390-021-01675-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Valentin A. Schriever ◽

Liesa Zscheile ◽

Janine Gellrich ◽

Thomas Hummel

Keyword(s):

Odor Identification ◽

Identification Performance

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Post-processing Technique for Improving the Odor-identification Performance based on E-Nose System

Journal of Sensor Science and Technology ◽

10.5369/jsst.2015.24.6.368 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 24 (6) ◽

pp. 368-372 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hyung-Gi Byun

Keyword(s):

Processing Technique ◽

Odor Identification ◽

Post Processing ◽

Identification Performance

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Odor Identification Performance in Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease Is Associated With Gender and the Genetic Variability of the Olfactory Binding Protein

Chemical Senses ◽

10.1093/chemse/bjz020 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 311-318 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Melania Melis ◽

Giorgia Sollai ◽

Carla Masala ◽

Claudia Pisanu ◽

Giovanni Cossu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Genetic Variability ◽

Binding Protein ◽

Odor Identification ◽

Idiopathic Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Identification Performance ◽

Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease

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The Impact of Stress on Odor Perception

Perception ◽

10.1177/0301006616688707 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 46 (3-4) ◽

pp. 366-376 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Matthias Hoenen ◽

Oliver T. Wolf ◽

Bettina M. Pause

Keyword(s):

Stress Responses ◽

Social Stress ◽

Physiological Stress ◽

Stress Test ◽

Odor Identification ◽

Trier Social Stress Test ◽

University Of Pennsylvania ◽

Control Session ◽

Identification Performance ◽

The Impact

The olfactory system and emotional systems are highly intervened and share common neuronal structures. The current study investigates whether emotional (e.g., anger and fear) and physiological (saliva cortisol) stress responses are associated with odor identification ability and hedonic odor judgments (intensity, pleasantness, and unpleasantness). Nineteen men participated in the modified Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and a control session (cycling on a stationary bike). The physiological arousal was similar in both sessions. In each session, participants’ odor identification score was assessed using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, and their transient mood was recorded on the dimensions of valence, arousal, anger, and anxiety. Multivariate regression analyses show that an increase of cortisol in the TSST session (as compared with the control session) is associated with better odor identification performance (β = .491) and higher odor intensity ratings (β = .562). However, increased anger in the TSST session (as compared with the control session) is associated with lower odor identification performance (β = −.482). The study shows divergent effects of the emotional and the physiological stress responses, indicating that an increase of cortisol is associated with better odor identification performance, whereas increased anger is associated with poorer odor identification performance.

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