Soil-associated lichen species characteristic of north-eastern Patagonia are classified by cluster analysis into six groups using ecological and morphological characters. The constancy of species, the total number of species, the number of species per crust and the relative frequency of species are analysed at sites with different grazing levels: three non-grazed, three regulary grazed, and three heavily grazed. Using the results, the potential use of lichen groups as bioindicators of rangeland conservation and degradation are explored. Species of three lichen groups (group A: lichens growing on calcareous gravels; group C: terricolous lichens with pale, crustose non-areolate thalli; group F: terricolous lichens with pale, areolate thalli) are identified as sensitive to grazing, and most of the species forming these groups are suggested as potential bioindicators of grazing disturbance. Thus, Rinodina bischoffii, Caloplaca holocarpa, Catillaria lenticularis, Acarospora heppii (group A); Lecanora dispersa and Rinodina mucronatula (group C); and Psora decipiens (group F) are the species most sensitive to grazing disturbance. Conversely, species of group D (terricolous lichens with dark, foliose thallus: Collema coccophorum), and group B (lichens growing on siliceous gravels: Aspicilia contorta) may be indicated as the most resistant to grazing disturbance.
The Interactive Effects of Pulsed Grazing Disturbance and Patch Size Vary among Wetland Arthropod Guilds