scholarly journals Standard words and solutions of the word equation X12⋯Xn2=(X1⋯Xn)2

2021 ◽  
Vol 178 ◽  
pp. 105340
Author(s):  
Jarkko Peltomäki ◽  
Aleksi Saarela
Keyword(s):  
Author(s):  
Joel D. Day ◽  
Mitja Kulczynski ◽  
Florin Manea ◽  
Dirk Nowotka ◽  
Danny Bøgsted Poulsen

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (04) ◽  
pp. 731-819
Author(s):  
Volker Diekert ◽  
Murray Elder

It is well known that the problem solving equations in virtually free groups can be reduced to the problem of solving twisted word equations with regular constraints over free monoids with involution. In this paper, we prove that the set of all solutions of a twisted word equation is an EDT0L language whose specification can be computed in PSPACE . Within the same complexity bound we can decide whether the solution set is empty, finite, or infinite. In the second part of the paper we apply the results for twisted equations to obtain in PSPACE an EDT0L description of the solution set of equations with rational constraints for finitely generated virtually free groups in standard normal forms with respect to a natural set of generators. If the rational constraints are given by a homomorphism into a fixed (or “small enough”) finite monoid, then our algorithms can be implemented in [Formula: see text], that is, in quasi-quadratic nondeterministic space. Our results generalize the work by Lohrey and Sénizergues (ICALP 2006) and Dahmani and Guirardel (J. of Topology 2010) with respect to both complexity and expressive power. Neither paper gave any concrete complexity bound and the results in these papers are stated for subsets of solutions only, whereas our results concern all solutions.


Author(s):  
César Luis Alonso ◽  
Fátima Drubi ◽  
Judith Gómez-García ◽  
José Luis Montaña

1984 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
G M Olderman

Those who are responsible for controlling the surgical environment require a technically sound, practical, valid, and consistent means of evaluating the barrier properties of surgical drapes and apparel. While many laboratories have, by necessity, agreed upon a limited number of test procedures to evaluate the liquid penetration resistance or repellency of a barrier material, there is no uniform code or guideline that defines the preferred method or methods of evaluation. Assuming wet bacterial transmission through a barrier material is related to the liquid penetration resistance of that material, the following paper attempts to outline the physicochemical basis of repellency in terms of a word equation, define the terminology and relevance to surgical barriers, and suggest the optimum choices of tests from among those in common usage including the group that had been under consideration by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) Aseptic Barrier Materials Committee. Because the liquid penetration resistance of a barrier material is a function of both permeability and surface wettability, comprehensive evaluation must include tests for both properties. No single test has been shown to do this reproducibly. Two tests, used by a number of industrial labs, are recommended because, while each test reflects predominantly the degree of either porosity or wetting, together they have been shown to yield information on both properties reliably with results that can be reproduced. These two tests, the fixed liquid pressure test and the dynamic impact test, are simple, non-destructive, and require little special equipment, so they can be performed relatively rapidly on both linens and single-use non-wovens.


2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (02) ◽  
pp. 345-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARKKU LAINE ◽  
WOJCIECH PLANDOWSKI

We consider properties of the solution set of a word equation with one unknown. We prove that the solution set of a word equation possessing infinite number of solutions is of the form (pq)*p where pq is primitive. Next, we prove that a word equation with at most four occurrences of the unknown possesses either infinitely many solutions or at most two solutions. We show that there are equations with at most four occurrences of the unknown possessing exactly two solutions. Finally, we prove that a word equation with at most 2k occurrences of the unknown possesses either infinitely many solutions or at most 8 log k + O(1) solutions. Hence, if we consider a class εk of equations with at most 2k occurrences of the unknown, then each equation in this class possesses either infinitely many solutions or O( log k) number of solutions. Our considerations allow to construct the first alphabet independent linear time algorithm for computing the solution set of an equation in a nontrivial class of equations.


2010 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AN,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Hillar ◽  
Lionel Levine ◽  
Darren Rhea

International audience We study equations in groups $G$ with unique $m$-th roots for each positive integer $m$. A word equation in two letters is an expression of the form$ w(X,A) = B$, where $w$ is a finite word in the alphabet ${X,A}$. We think of $A,B ∈G$ as fixed coefficients, and $X ∈G$ as the unknown. Certain word equations, such as $XAXAX=B$, have solutions in terms of radicals: $X = A^-1/2(A^1/2BA^1/2)^1/3A^-1/2$, while others such as $X^2 A X = B$ do not. We obtain the first known infinite families of word equations not solvable by radicals, and conjecture a complete classification. To a word w we associate a polynomial $P_w ∈ℤ[x,y]$ in two commuting variables, which factors whenever $w$ is a composition of smaller words. We prove that if $P_w(x^2,y^2)$ has an absolutely irreducible factor in $ℤ[x,y]$, then the equation $w(X,A)=B$ is not solvable in terms of radicals. Nous étudions des équations dans les groupes $G$ avec les $m$-th racines uniques pour chaque nombre entier positif m. Une équation de mot dans deux lettres est une expression de la forme $w(X, A) = B$, où $w$ est un mot fini dans l'alphabet ${X, A}$. Nous pensons $A, B ∈G$ en tant que coefficients fixes, et $X ∈G$ en tant que inconnu. Certaines équations de mot, telles que $XAXAX=B$, ont des solutions en termes de radicaux: $X = A^-1/2(A^1/2BA^1/2)^1/3A^-1/2$, alors que d'autres tel que $X^2 A X = B$ ne font pas. Nous obtenons les familles infinies d'abord connues des équations de mot non solubles par des radicaux, et conjecturons une classification complété. Á un mot $w$ nous associons un polynôme $P_w ∈ℤ[x, y]$ dans deux variables de permutation, qui factorise toutes les fois que $w$ est une composition de plus petits mots. Nous montrons que si $P_w(x^2, y^2)$ a un facteur absolument irréductible dans $ℤ[x, y]$, alors l'équation $w(X, A)=B$ n'est pas soluble en termes de radicaux.


Author(s):  
Joel D. Day ◽  
Florin Manea

AbstractFor quadratic word equations, there exists an algorithm based on rewriting rules which generates a directed graph describing all solutions to the equation. For regular word equations – those for which each variable occurs at most once on each side of the equation – we investigate the properties of this graph, such as bounds on its diameter, size, and DAG-width, as well as providing some insights into symmetries in its structure. As a consequence, we obtain a combinatorial proof that the problem of deciding whether a regular word equation has a solution is in NP.


2004 ◽  
Vol 213 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.M. Weinbaum
Keyword(s):  

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