AbstractProgrammed death-1 (PD-1), as an immunoinhibitory receptor encoded by programmed cell death-1 (PDCD1) gene, has a pivotal role in tolerance to self-antigens. Mutations of PDCD1 may participate in susceptibility to basal cell carcinoma (BCC) as the most common of skin cancer. We studied the impacts of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within PDCD1 and their haplotypes in BCC susceptibility in an Iranian population. The blood samples were collected from 210 BCC and 220 healthy individuals. After the extraction of genomic DNA, the genotypes and alleles of PD1.1 G/A (rs36084323) and PD1.6 G/A (rs10204525) SNPs were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Four haplotypes were estimated by these SNPs. Our data revealed that genotype and allele frequencies of PD1.1 and PD1.6 polymorphisms in BCC patients were similar to those in healthy individuals. The results of estimated haplotypes for PDCD1 indicated that GG and AA haplotypes of PDCD1 had protective effects on BCC susceptibility (OR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.51–0.96, p = 0.03 and OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.35–0.91, p = 0.02, respectively), while GA and AG haplotypes served as the risk factors for developing BCC (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.09–2.84, p = 0.02 and OR = 3.87, 95% CI = 1.95–7.69, p = <0.001, respectively). Based on these findings, frequency distributions of PDCD1 haplotypes have important roles in the determination of BCC development in the Iranian population. However, larger multicenter studies are required to confirm this conclusion.
Neoadjuvant anti–programmed cell death 1 therapy for locally advanced basal cell carcinoma in treatment-naive patients: A case series
