scholarly journals Esterification of levulinic acid into n-butyl levulinate catalyzed by sulfonic acid-functionalized lignin-montmorillonite complex

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-299
Author(s):  
Wenguang Zhao ◽  
Hui Ding ◽  
Jie Zhu ◽  
Xianxiang Liu ◽  
Qiong Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Levulinic Acid

Chemical conversion of biomass-derived hexose sugars to levulinic acid over sulfonic acid-functionalized graphene oxide catalysts

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 2935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pravin P. Upare ◽  
Ji-Woong Yoon ◽  
Mi Yeon Kim ◽  
Hyo-Yoon Kang ◽  
Dong Won Hwang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Chemical Conversion ◽  
Oxide Catalysts ◽  
Functionalized Graphene ◽  
Functionalized Graphene Oxide ◽  
Hexose Sugars

scholarly journals Silica-supported sulfonic acids as recyclable catalyst for esterification of levulinic acid with stoichiometric amounts of alcohols

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 2173-2180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raimondo Maggi ◽  
N Raveendran Shiju ◽  
Veronica Santacroce ◽  
Giovanni Maestri ◽  
Franca Bigi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Acid Catalysts ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Simple Protocol ◽  
Sulfonic Acid Groups

Converting biomass into value-added chemicals holds the key to sustainable long-term carbon resource management. In this context, levulinic acid, which is easily obtained from cellulose, is valuable since it can be transformed into a variety of industrially relevant fine chemicals. Here we present a simple protocol for the selective esterification of levulinic acid using solid acid catalysts. Silica supported sulfonic acid catalysts operate under mild conditions and give good conversion and selectivity with stoichiometric amounts of alcohols. The sulfonic acid groups are tethered to the support using organic tethers. These tethers may help in preventing the deactivation of the active sites in the presence of water.

Esterification of levulinic acid with ethanol over bio-glycerol derived carbon–sulfonic-acid

2016 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan Varkolu ◽  
Vashen Moodley ◽  
Fezile S. W. Potwana ◽  
Sreekantha B. Jonnalagadda ◽  
Werner E. van Zyl
Keyword(s):  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Levulinic Acid

Electron Microscopy of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 258-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Boatman ◽  
G. E. Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
The Family

Information concerning the morphology and replication of organism of the family Mycoplasmataceae remains, despite over 70 years of study, highly controversial. Due to their small size observations by light microscopy have not been rewarding. Furthermore, not only are these organisms extremely pleomorphic but their morphology also changes according to growth phase. This study deals with the morphological aspects of M. pneumoniae strain 3546 in relation to growth, interaction with HeLa cells and possible mechanisms of replication.The organisms were grown aerobically at 37°C in a soy peptone yeast dialysate medium supplemented with 12% gamma-globulin free horse serum. The medium was buffered at pH 7.3 with TES [N-tris (hyroxymethyl) methyl-2-aminoethane sulfonic acid] at 10mM concentration. The inoculum, an actively growing culture, was filtered through a 0.5 μm polycarbonate “nuclepore” filter to prevent transfer of all but the smallest aggregates. Growth was assessed at specific periods by colony counts and 800 ml samples of organisms were fixed in situ with 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 3 hrs. at 4°C. Washed cells for sectioning were post-fixed in 0.8% OSO4 in veronal-acetate buffer pH 6.1 for 1 hr. at 21°C. HeLa cells were infected with a filtered inoculum of M. pneumoniae and incubated for 9 days in Leighton tubes with coverslips. The cells were then removed and processed for electron microscopy.

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