scholarly journals A critical comparison between the World Health Organization list of essential medicines for children and the Brazilian list of essential medicines (Rename)

2013 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-178
Author(s):  
Helena Lutéscia L. Coelho ◽  
Luís Carlos Rey ◽  
Marina S.G. de Medeiros ◽  
Ronaldo A. Barbosa ◽  
Said G. da Cruz Fonseca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Critical Comparison ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Medicines For Children

scholarly journals A critical comparison between the World Health Organization list of essential medicines for children and the Brazilian list of essential medicines (Rename)

2013 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Lutéscia L. Coelho ◽  
Luís Carlos Rey ◽  
Marina S.G. de Medeiros ◽  
Ronaldo A. Barbosa ◽  
Said G. da Cruz Fonseca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Critical Comparison ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Medicines For Children

Persisting pain in childhood medical illness

2013 ◽  
pp. 319-327
Author(s):  
Martha Mherekumombe ◽  
John J. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Illness ◽  
Global Problem ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Medicines For Children

Persisting pain in the context of medical illness has been recognized recently as a global problem by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2012). Whilst the epidemiology of medical illness varies throughout the world, the general principles of pain management are applicable to most medical illnesses in children and are effective. Successful pain management for most children is contingent on the availability of the WHO model list of essential medicines for children (WHO, 2011), although regrettably not all medicines are available in every country in the world.

scholarly journals Classification of WHO Essential Oral Medicines for Children Applying a Provisional Pediatric Biopharmaceutics Classification System

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose-Manuel delMoral-Sanchez ◽  
Isabel Gonzalez-Alvarez ◽  
Marta Gonzalez-Alvarez ◽  
Andres Navarro ◽  
Marival Bermejo
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Biopharmaceutics Classification System ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Oral Drug ◽  
Essential Medicines List ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Biopharmaceutics Classification

The objective was using the Essential Medicines List for children by the World Health Organization (WHO) to create a pediatric biopharmaceutics classification system (pBCS) of the oral drugs included in the Essential Medicines List by the World Health Organization and to compare our results with the BCS for adults (aBCS). Several methods to estimate the oral drug dose in different pediatric groups were used to calculate dose number (Do) and solubility (high/low). The estimation of the gastrointestinal water volume was adapted to each pediatric group. Provisional permeability classification was done by comparison of each drug lipophilicity versus metoprolol as the model drug of high permeability. As a result, 24.5% of the included drugs moved from the favorable to unfavorable class (i.e., from high to low solubility). Observed changes point out potential differences in product performance in pediatrics compared to adults, due to changes in the limiting factors for absorption. BCS Class Changes 1 to 2 or 3 to 4 are indicative of drugs that could be more sensitive to the choice of appropriate excipient in the development process. Validating a pBCS for each age group would provide a valuable tool to apply in specific pediatric formulation design by reducing time and costs and avoiding unnecessary pediatric experiments restricted due to ethical reasons. Additionally, pBCS could minimize the associated risks to the use of adult medicines or pharmaceutical compound formulations.

Essential medicines for palliative care

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Lukas Radbruch ◽  
Liliana De Lima
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Essential Medicine ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Loved One ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization defines essential medicines as those which satisfy the primary healthcare needs of the population. In 2013, the World Health Organization introduced a new section on medicines for pain and palliative care in the 18th edition of the Model List of Essential Medicine including 15 medicines for the most common symptoms in life-limiting health conditions. More recently, the Lancet Commission on palliative care developed an essential package which also includes equipment and human resources in addition to the essential medicines. The Lancet Commission specified that in order to achieve universal health coverage, coverage of the essential package is recommended by dedicated, pro-poor, public or publicly mandated funding and for all relevant health conditions. However, in many regions of the world, all or some of the essential medicines are not available at all, or if they are available in the country, they are regularly out of stock in the local pharmacy, out-of-pocket costs are so high that patients cannot afford the medicines, or whole families become impoverished buying treatment for their loved one. Problems with accessibility, affordability, and availability are particularly evident with opioid analgesics such as morphine. However, accessibility, affordability, and availability of essential medicines is a pivotal prerequisite for the delivery of quality palliative care.

Treatment of acute migraine attacks in children with analgesics on the World Health Organization Essential Medicines List: A systematic review and GRADE evidence synthesis

Cephalalgia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1592-1607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milka Jeric ◽  
Nives Surjan ◽  
Antonia Jelicic Kadic ◽  
Nicoletta Riva ◽  
Livia Puljak
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Evidence Synthesis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Acute Migraine ◽  
Essential Medicines List ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Background The World Health Organization Essential Medicines List (WHO EML) contains two analgesics for treatment of acute migraine attacks in children, ibuprofen and paracetamol. Methods The Embase, CDSR, CENTRAL, DARE and MEDLINE databases were searched up to 18 April 2017. We analyzed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews (SRs) that investigate the efficacy and safety of ibuprofen or paracetamol for treatment of acute migraine attacks in children. We conducted meta-analysis and assessments of evidence with GRADE, Cochrane risk of bias tool, and AMSTAR. Results Three RCTs (201 children) and 10 SRs on ibuprofen and/or paracetamol for acute migraine attacks in children were included. Meta-analysis indicated that ibuprofen was superior to placebo for pain-free at 2 h or pain relief at 2 h, without difference in adverse events. There were no differences between paracetamol and placebo, or ibuprofen and paracetamol. Ten SRs that analyzed various therapies for migraine in children were published between 2004 and 2016, with discordant conclusions. Conclusion Limited data from poor quality RCTs indicate that ibuprofen and paracetamol might be effective analgesics for treating migraine attacks in children. Inclusion of ibuprofen and paracetamol as antimigraine medicines for children in the WHO EML is supported by indirect evidence from studies in adults.

scholarly journals Essential but expensive? The World Health Organization, access to medicines and human rights

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-156
Author(s):  
Keith Syrett
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World ◽  
International Human ◽  
Health Organization

Now widely accepted as a component of the international human rights framework, the concept of access to medicines nonetheless continues to generate controversial questions as to its scope and application. Through critical analysis of relevant documentary materials, this article seeks to explore the conjunction between human rights and the list of essential medicines compiled biennially by the World Health Organization in the particular context of the recent expansion of this list to embrace a number of very costly medical interventions. Such extension is intended to stimulate access in the long run, but the expense of such medicines may limit accessibility in the short term, as governments struggling to ensure the sustainability of health systems choose to allocate finite resources elsewhere. This article therefore examines the compatibility of limitations to access on grounds of unaffordability, with international human rights obligations. It focuses especially upon Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights but also considers other human rights which may be engaged.

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