Cortical cell types and intermediate filament arrangements correlate with fiber curvature in Japanese human hair

(1) Background: The objective of this work was to elucidate the hair microstructure which correlates with the stiffness of human hair fibers. (2) Methods: Bending moduli of hair fibers were evaluated for the hair samples from 156 Japanese female subjects. Hair transverse sections were dual-stained with fluorescent dyes which can stain para- and ortho-like cortical cells separately, and observed under a fluorescence light microscope. Atomic force microscopy nanoindentation measurements were performed to examine the modulus inside macrofibrils. (3) Results: The difference in bending moduli between the maximum and the minimum values was more than double. The hair of high bending modulus was rich in para-like cortical cells and the bending modulus significantly correlated with the fraction of para-like cortical cells to the whole cortex. On the other hand, the elastic moduli inside macrofibrils were almost same for the para- and ortho-like cortical cells. (4) Conclusions: Hair bending modulus depends on the fractions of the constitutional cortical cell types. The contribution of the intermacrofibrillar materials, which differed in their morphologies and amounts of para- and ortho-like cortical cells, is plausible as a cause of the difference in the modulus of the cortical cell types.

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Single-nucleus and single-cell transcriptomes compared in matched cortical cell types

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0209648 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. e0209648 ◽

Cited By ~ 115

Author(s):

Trygve E. Bakken ◽

Rebecca D. Hodge ◽

Jeremy A. Miller ◽

Zizhen Yao ◽

Thuc Nghi Nguyen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Cell ◽

Cortical Cell ◽

Cell Types ◽

Single Nucleus

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Immunocytochemistry of Intermediate Filament Proteins Present in Pleomorphic Adenomas of the Human Parotid Gland: Characterization of Different Cell Types in the Same Tumor

Differentiation ◽

10.1111/j.1432-0436.1982.tb01213.x ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 21 (1-3) ◽

pp. 191-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

REINHARD KREPLER ◽

HELMUT DENK ◽

ULRIKE ARTLIEB ◽

ROLAND MOLL

Keyword(s):

Parotid Gland ◽

Intermediate Filament ◽

Cell Types ◽

Intermediate Filament Proteins ◽

Human Parotid Gland ◽

Pleomorphic Adenomas ◽

Different Cell Types

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A somewhat unexpected result from the deconvolution of DSC curves for human hair: There is no apparent relation between cortical cell fractions and hair curliness

Experimental Dermatology ◽

10.1111/exd.13462 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 292-294 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Franz J. Wortmann ◽

Gabriele Wortmann

Keyword(s):

Human Hair ◽

Cortical Cell ◽

Unexpected Result ◽

Cell Fractions ◽

Dsc Curves

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Response histogram shapes and tuning curves: The predicted responses of several cortical cell types to drifting gratings stimuli

Biological Cybernetics ◽

10.1007/bf00204702 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 60 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

D. Malonek ◽

Hedva Spitzer

Keyword(s):

Cortical Cell ◽

Cell Types ◽

Tuning Curves

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Chandelier cell anatomy and function reveal a variably distributed but common signal

10.1101/2020.03.31.018952 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Casey M. Schneider-Mizell ◽

Agnes L. Bodor ◽

Forrest Collman ◽

Derrick Brittain ◽

Adam A. Bleckert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Pyramidal Neurons ◽

Cell Activity ◽

Cortical Cell ◽

Cell Types ◽

Structural Features ◽

Target Neuron ◽

Chandelier Cell ◽

Chandelier Cells

AbstractThe activity and connectivity of inhibitory cells has a profound impact on the operation of neuronal networks. While the average connectivity of many inhibitory cell types has been characterized, we still lack an understanding of how individual interneurons distribute their synapses onto their targets and how heterogeneous the inhibition is onto different individual excitatory neurons. Here, we use large-scale volumetric electron microscopy (EM) and functional imaging to address this question for chandelier cells in layer 2/3 of mouse visual cortex. Using dense morphological reconstructions from EM, we mapped the complete chandelier input onto 153 pyramidal neurons. We find that the number of input synapses is highly variable across the population, but the variability is correlated with structural features of the target neuron: soma depth, soma size, and the number of perisomatic synapses received. Functionally, we found that chandelier cell activity in vivo was highly correlated and tracks pupil diameter, a proxy for arousal state. We propose that chandelier cells provide a global signal whose strength is individually adjusted for each target neuron. This approach, combining comprehensive structural analysis with functional recordings of identified cell types, will be a powerful tool to uncover the wiring rules across the diversity of cortical cell types.

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Single nucleus multi-omics links human cortical cell regulatory genome diversity to disease risk variants

10.1101/2019.12.11.873398 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Chongyuan Luo ◽

Hanqing Liu ◽

Fangming Xie ◽

Ethan J. Armand ◽

Kimberly Siletti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Cell ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Single Cells ◽

Cortical Cell ◽

Cell Types ◽

Chromatin Accessibility ◽

Integrative Approach ◽

Risk Variants ◽

Human Frontal Cortex ◽

Single Nucleus

ABSTRACTSingle-cell technologies enable measure of unique cellular signatures, but are typically limited to a single modality. Computational approaches allow integration of diverse single-cell datasets, but their efficacy is difficult to validate in the absence of authentic multi-omic measurements. To comprehensively assess the molecular phenotypes of single cells in tissues, we devised single-nucleus methylCytosine, Chromatin accessibility and Transcriptome sequencing (snmC2T-seq) and applied it to post-mortem human frontal cortex tissue. We developed a computational framework to validate fine-grained cell types using multi-modal information and assessed the effectiveness of computational integration methods. Correlation analysis in individual cells revealed distinct relations between methylation and gene expression. Our integrative approach enabled joint analyses of the methylome, transcriptome, chromatin accessibility and conformation for 63 human cortical cell types. We reconstructed regulatory lineages for cortical cell populations and found specific enrichment of genetic risk for neuropsychiatric traits, enabling prediction of cell types with causal roles in disease.

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Porosity at Different Structural Levels in Human and Yak Belly Hair and Its Effect on Hair Dyeing

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25092143 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 2143 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alexander R. M. Müllner ◽

Ruben Pahl ◽

Doris Brandhuber ◽

Herwig Peterlik

Keyword(s):

Raman Spectroscopy ◽

Cross Sections ◽

Intermediate Filament ◽

Human Hair ◽

Tensile Tests ◽

Hair Dyes ◽

X Ray Scattering ◽

Macroscopic Structure ◽

Structural Levels ◽

Lipid Layers

Yak belly hair was proposed as a cheap substitute for human hair for the development of hair dyes, as its chemical composition closely resembles human hair in Raman spectroscopy. The absence of melanin in yak belly hair also leads to a strong reduction of fluorescence in Raman measurements, which is advantageous for the investigation of the effectivity of hair dyes. To assess the suitability for replacing human hair, we analyzed similarities and differences of both hair types with a variety of methods: Raman spectroscopy, to obtain molecular information; small-angle X-ray scattering to determine the nanostructure, such as intermediate filament distance, distance of lipid layers and nanoporosity; optical and scanning electron microscopy of surfaces and cross sections to determine the porosity at the microstructural level; and density measurements and tensile tests to determine the macroscopic structure, macroporosity and mechanical properties. Both types of hair are similar on a molecular scale, but differ on other length scales: yak belly hair has a smaller intermediate filament distance on the nanoscale. Most striking is a higher porosity of yak belly hair on all hierarchical levels, and a lower Young’s modulus on the macroscale. In addition to the higher porosity, yak belly hair has fewer overlapping scales of keratin, which further eases the uptake of coloring. This makes, on the other hand, a comparison of coloring processes difficult, and limits the usefulness of yak belly hair as a substitute for human hair.

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