Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is characterized by cyst formation and growth, which are partially driven by abnormal proliferation of tubular cells. Proproliferative mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes 1 and 2 (mTORC1 and mTORC2) are activated in the kidneys of mice with PKD. Sirolimus indirectly inhibits mTORC1. Novel mTOR kinase inhibitors directly inhibit mTOR kinase, resulting in the inhibition of mTORC1 and mTORC2. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of sirolimus versus the mTOR kinase inhibitor torin2 on cyst growth and kidney function in the Pkd1 p.R3277C ( Pkd1RC/RC) mouse model, a hypomorphic Pkd1 model orthologous to the human condition, and to determine the effects of sirolimus versus torin2 on mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling in PKD1−/− cells and in the kidneys of Pkd1RC/RC mice. In vitro, both inhibitors reduced mTORC1 and mTORC2 phosphorylated substrates and negatively impacted cellular metabolic activity, as measured by MTT assay. Pkd1RC/RC mice were treated with sirolimus or torin2 from 50 to 120 days of age. Torin2 was as effective as sirolimus in decreasing cyst growth and improving loss of kidney function. Both sirolimus and torin2 decreased phosphorylated S6 protein, phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1, phosphorylated Akt, and proliferation in Pkd1RC/RC kidneys. In conclusion, torin2 and sirolimus were equally effective in decreasing cyst burden and improving kidney function and mediated comparable effects on mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling and proliferation in the Pkd1RC/RC kidney.
Adenylyl cyclase 5 deficiency reduces renal cyclic AMP and cyst growth in an orthologous mouse model of polycystic kidney disease
