Effect of a surprising downward shift in reinforcer value on stimulus over-selectivity in a simultaneous discrimination procedure

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma Reynolds ◽  
Phil Reed
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Discrimination ◽  
Downward Shift ◽  
Discrimination Procedure ◽  
Reinforcer Value

scholarly journals Visual Acuity in Octopus Pallidus and Octopus Australis

1988 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. A. MUNTZ ◽  
J. GWYTHER
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Simultaneous Discrimination ◽  
Performance Levels ◽  
Discrimination Procedure ◽  
Better Than

Specimens of Octopus pallidus and O. australis were trained to discriminate vertical from horizontal rectangles, vertical from horizontal gratings, and vertical and horizontal gratings from uniform grey. In the discriminations that involved gratings a conditional simultaneous discrimination procedure was used, in which the two stimuli to be discriminated were presented stationary at the two ends of the tank, and a moving white disc was shown in front of each of them. Attacks on a disc were then rewarded or punished depending on the background against which it was shown. Animals rapidly reached performance levels of better than 80% correct responses on all discriminations. With one specimen of O. pallidus and three of O. australis when progressively finer gratings were used the discrimination broke down with stripe widths between 4.4′ and 9.7′, showing that for both species the minimum separable visual acuity is less than 9.7′. The behaviour of the two species is very similar to that of O. vulgaris, except that they accept less food per day, so fewer trials could be given.

Simultaneous Discrimination of Cysteine, Homocysteine, Glutathione, and H2S in Living Cells through a Multisignal Combination Strategy

2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 1904-1911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Lizhen Xu ◽  
Wenqiang Chen ◽  
Jun Huang ◽  
Chusheng Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Living Cells ◽  
Simultaneous Discrimination ◽  
Combination Strategy

Preference for Predictable Small Rewards over Unpredictable Larger Rewards

1984 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene D. Steinhauer
Keyword(s):  
Reward Magnitude ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Frustration Theory ◽  
Equal Frequency ◽  
Theory Analysis ◽  
Clear Preference ◽  
Avoidance Tendency ◽  
Discrimination Procedure ◽  
Two Alternatives ◽  
Reinforcement Procedure

Numerous prior studies have reported that rats, pigeons, and humans prefer predictable over unpredictable rewards of equal frequency and magnitude. A frustration-theory analysis of this preference suggests that it obtains because the unpredictable partial reinforcement procedure is aversive whereas the predictable discrimination procedure loses its aversiveness. The preference, on such an analysis, arises due to the tendency to avoid the unpredictable of two alternatives. Since frustration varies as a function of magnitude of reward, the avoidance tendency should increase with increases in reward magnitude in the unpredictable alternative. One group of rats in the present study showed a clear preference for seven versus five 45-mg Noyes Pellets. A second group showed the oft reported preference for five pellets predictable versus five pellets unpredictable. A third group of rats showed a preference for a five-pellet predictable reward over a seven-pellet unpredictable reward. The results of this experiment provide evidence for a frustration-theory analysis of the preference for predictable reward.

D-cycloserine--naloxone interactions in opioid-dependent humans under a novel-response naloxone discrimination procedure.

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Oliveto ◽  
Thania Benios ◽  
Kishorchandra Gonsai ◽  
Alan Feingold ◽  
James Poling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Procedure
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