Early development of congeneric sea urchins (Heliocidaris) with contrasting life history modes in a warming and high CO2 ocean

2014 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 78-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha A. Hardy ◽  
Maria Byrne
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric M. Erkenbrack ◽  
Eric H. Davidson

AbstractDevelopmental gene regulatory networks (GRNs) are assemblages of gene regulatory interactions that direct ontogeny of animal body plans. Studies of GRNs operating in early development of euechinoid sea urchins has revealed that little appreciable change has occurred since their divergence approximately 90 million years ago (mya). These observations suggest that strong conservation of GRN architecture has been maintained in early development of the sea urchin lineage. To test whether this is true for all sea urchins, comparative analyses of echinoid taxa that diverged deeper in geological time must be conducted. Recent studies highlighted extensive divergence of skeletogenic mesoderm specification in the sister clade of euechinoids, the cidaroids, suggesting that comparative analyses of cidaroid GRN architecture may confer a greater understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of developmental GRNs. Here, we report spatiotemporal patterning of 55 regulatory genes and perturbation analyses of key regulatory genes involved in euechinoid oral-aboral patterning of non-skeletogenic mesodermal and ectodermal domains in early development of the cidaroid Eucidaris tribuloides. Our results indicate that developmental GRNs directing mesodermal and ectodermal specification have undergone marked alterations since the divergence of cidaroids and euechinoids. Notably, statistical and clustering analyses of echinoid temporal gene expression datasets indicate that regulation of mesodermal genes has diverged more markedly than regulation of ectodermal genes. Although research on indirect-developing euechinoid sea urchins suggests strong conservation of GRN circuitry during early embryogenesis, this study indicates that since the divergence of cidaroids and euechinoids developmental GRNs have undergone significant divergence.


1990 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 486-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Truschel Peeler ◽  
Leslie Kelso-Winemiller ◽  
Ming-Fan Wu ◽  
James K. Skipper ◽  
Matthew M. Winkler

Author(s):  
Keith Stewart Thomson

The Amphibia has been one of the most important animal groups for the study of developmental biology, and a huge descriptive and experimental literature has accumulated over the years. While sea urchins, molluscs, and nematodes, and more recently, Drosophila, have each become an important vehicle for the study of different aspects of development, the Amphibia and chordates in general have been especially important as the vehicle for the study of inductive regulative mechanisms. The early development of all chordates is marked by two revolutions in the control of early pattern formation: dorsalization at the blastula stage and gastrulation—primary induction caused by the “organizer” —which was studied in great detail in Amphibia by Spemann and his coworkers and continues to be the subject of intense scrutiny. The early phases of development in Amphibia exemplify rather well some of the problems in discovering the causal processes in development, whether in the egg, at fertilization, in the blastula, or in gastrulation itself. The short discussion of early development in Amphibia that follows is meant to exemplify rather than catalogue these questions. The oocyte in amphibians is radially symmetrical. A first axis of symmetry is established between a more heavily pigmented animal hemisphere and a less pigmented vegetal hemisphere. Before fertilization the egg is covered with a transparent vitelline membrane. When fertilization occurs, the vitelline membrane lifts from the surface of the egg and the egg is then free to rotate inside it so that the animal hemisphere lies uppermost and the vegetal hemisphere is lowermost. This rotation is apparently a response to gravity, which means that the vegetal hemisphere is heavier, almost certainly a result of the concentration of more and larger yolk granules in the vegetal hemisphere. Therefore, if the egg rotates to a new orientation with the yolk down and the animal hemisphere up, it must be the case that at this point the yolk and other egg contents are not free to be redistributed within the egg but are secured in place. The animal vegetal axis now marks the future anteroposterior axis of the embryo.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. e44655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Van Colen ◽  
Elisabeth Debusschere ◽  
Ulrike Braeckman ◽  
Dirk Van Gansbeke ◽  
Magda Vincx

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 2508-2511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mutsuyasu Nakajima ◽  
Takahiro Ogura ◽  
Yoshiyuki Kusama ◽  
Noriyuki Iwabuchi ◽  
Taichi Imawaka ◽  
...  

During a short stay at Plymouth, in 1889, I was engaged in studying certain points in the anatomy of Cirripedia; finding, however, that a knowledge of the embryology was necessary in order to arrive at a complete understanding of the adult structure, I became wishful to investigate the life-history of some one member of the group. This I had an opportunity of doing at Naples, where I was appointed to occupy the Cambridge University Table at the Zoological Station for a period of six months, subsequently increased to nine. I here succeeded in obtaining a practically complete series of stages of Balanus perforatus , Bruguiere, as well as many stages in other members of the group. Though a number of able observers have occupied themselves with the embryology of Cirripedes, yet, owing to lack of opportunity, and to the difficulty of obtaining complete series of developmental stages, as well' as to the inherent difficulties in the subject, much remained to be done in this line. Willemoes-Suhm alone, with the advantages afforded by his position during the Challenger Expedition, has hitherto obtained a complete series of stages of any one form, but he failed to trace the history of the earlier stages, and in the later, limited himself to the appearance of fresh and spirit specimens, as seen without cutting sections. In fact the method of sections has been little applied to the development of Cirripedes, and not at all to the earlier stages. There is, therefore, little apology needed for an account embracing the results obtained by the employment of some of the more modern methods of embryological study.


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