Chromium(VI) (Cr(VI)) is the main chromium species found in groundwater and is considered as a highly toxic and carcinogenic element to humans. In the present study, removal of Cr(VI) by coagulation with ferrous iron is studied in a continuous flow treatment unit comprising pipe flocculation reactors followed by a sand filter. The studied parameters, regarding their effect on the removal of hexavalent chromium, were the ferrous iron dose, the effect of linear velocity, and the effect of the starting Cr(VI) concentration. The experiments have shown that the Cr(VI) removal achieved was very efficient and residual Cr(VI) and total Cr concentration in the treated water was lower than 10 μg/L, provided that the required dose of ferrous iron is provided. In particular, the study demonstrated that the removal of hexavalent chromium, from initial concentration of 50 μg/L and 100 μg/L, was more than 90% with ferrous doses of 1 mg/L and 2 mg/L respectively, applying linear velocity of 8 m/h, at an initial pH value of 7.3. Iron concentration in treated water was very low, far below 200 μg/L, which is the limit for iron in drinking water. This unit comprises a simple treatment option, for applications at the household level, with minimum maintenance requirements capable of removing Cr(VI) to concentrations below 10 μg/L, which might be the future limit for chromium in drinking water.
Cr(VI) Femoval from Ground Waters by Ferrous Iron Redox-Assisted Coagulation in a Continuous Treatment Unit Comprising a Plug Flow Pipe Reactor and Downflow Sand Filtration
