In order to solve the difficulty of on-line measuring the surface roughness of workpiece under ultrasonic polishing, the artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic systems are introduced into the on-line prediction model of surface roughness. The surface roughness identification method based on fuzzy-neural networks is put forward and used to the process of plane polishing. In the end, the on-line prediction model of surface roughness is established. The actual ultrasonic polishing experiments show that the accuracy of this prediction model is up to 96.58%, which further evidence the feasibility of the on-line prediction model.