Borderlands of the local state

Homelessness among U.S. K-12 students has been on the rise for decades, and it shows no signs of slowing down, especially as the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to significant unemployment. Joseph Bishop describes findings from a study of student homelessness in California. Interviews with those experiencing homelessness and those who serve them, as well as analysis of the data, reveal the obstacles that prevent these communities from receiving the help they need. These include differing definitions of homelessness, limited funding being made available, and lack of training among the educators who could help identify and support students. Because of the multifaceted nature of the problem, groups at the local, state, and national levels must find ways to work together to arrive at solutions tailored to the need.

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An Overview of Fatigue Testing Systems for Metals under Uniaxial and Multiaxial Random Loadings

Metals ◽

10.3390/met11030447 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 447

Author(s):

Julian M. E. Marques ◽

Denis Benasciutti ◽

Adam Niesłony ◽

Janko Slavič

Keyword(s):

Fatigue Testing ◽

Local State ◽

Specimen Geometry ◽

Present Review ◽

General Criterion ◽

Classification Criterion ◽

Test Type ◽

State Of Stress ◽

The Relationship

This paper presents an overview of fatigue testing systems in high-cycle regime for metals subjected to uniaxial and multiaxial random loadings. The different testing systems are critically discussed, highlighting advantages and possible limitations. By identifying relevant features, the testing systems are classified in terms of type of machine (servo-hydraulic or shaker tables), specimen geometry and applied constraints, number of load or acceleration inputs needed to perform the test, type of loading acting on the specimen and resulting state of stress. Specimens with plate, cylindrical and more elaborated geometry are also considered as a further classification criterion. This review also discusses the relationship between the applied input and the resulting local state of stress in the specimen. Since a general criterion to classify fatigue testing systems for random loadings seems not to exist, the present review—by emphasizing analogies and differences among various layouts—may provide the reader with a guideline to classify future equipment.

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Nexus of self-organization: the expansion of collective responsibility networks among boatmen in nineteenth-century Chongqing

International Journal of Asian Studies ◽

10.1017/s1479591421000231 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-22

Author(s):

Yiying Pan

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Early Modern ◽

Turning Points ◽

Collective Responsibility ◽

Local State ◽

Self Organization ◽

Modern China ◽

Regional Diversity ◽

Labor Relationship ◽

The City

Abstract This article investigates the collective responsibility organizations among boatmen in nineteenth-century Chongqing, when the city became one of the most important metropolises on the southwest Qing frontier. It also introduces two successive turning points in self-organization that were associated with two different classes of boatmen – skippers and sailors. First, in 1803, skippers gained the authority to institutionalize their organizations through their negotiations with the local state regarding official services and service fees. Second, when similar service and fiscal tensions emerged between skippers and sailors in the mid-nineteenth century, the skippers facilitated and supervised the institutionalization of collective responsibility organizations that were run by the sailors themselves. By contextualizing this expansion of collective responsibility organizations within the multilayered interactions between skippers and sailors, this article proposes that the perspective of interclass networks is crucial for deepening the study of state−society interactions, the capital−labor relationship, as well as the tension between imperial integration and regional diversity in early modern China.

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