The origins of radiotherapy: Discovery of biological effects of X-rays by Freund in 1897, Kienböck’s crucial experiments in 1900, and still it is the dose

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Widder
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Crucial Experiments

scholarly journals Crocetin Mitigates Irradiation Injury in an In Vitro Model of the Pubertal Testis: Focus on Biological Effects and Molecular Mechanisms

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1676
Author(s):  
Giulia Rossi ◽  
Martina Placidi ◽  
Chiara Castellini ◽  
Francesco Rea ◽  
Settimio D'Andrea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Adolescent Cancer ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Infertility is a potential side effect of radiotherapy and significantly affects the quality of life for adolescent cancer survivors. Very few studies have addressed in pubertal models the mechanistic events that could be targeted to provide protection from gonadotoxicity and data on potential radioprotective treatments in this peculiar period of life are elusive. In this study, we utilized an in vitro model of the mouse pubertal testis to investigate the efficacy of crocetin to counteract ionizing radiation (IR)-induced injury and potential underlying mechanisms. Present experiments provide evidence that exposure of testis fragments from pubertal mice to 2 Gy X-rays induced extensive structural and cellular damage associated with overexpression of PARP1, PCNA, SOD2 and HuR and decreased levels of SIRT1 and catalase. A twenty-four hr exposure to 50 μM crocetin pre- and post-IR significantly reduced testis injury and modulated the response to DNA damage and oxidative stress. Nevertheless, crocetin treatment did not counteract the radiation-induced changes in the expression of SIRT1, p62 and LC3II. These results increase the knowledge of mechanisms underlying radiation damage in pubertal testis and establish the use of crocetin as a fertoprotective agent against IR deleterious effects in pubertal period.

Radiation physics, biology, and protection

2019 ◽  
pp. 45-68
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Radiation Dosimetry ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Patient Dose ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Radiation Physics

This chapter describes the interactions of X-rays with matter, the biological effects of ionizing radiation (including estimated dose thresholds), the science behind radiation dosimetry, and principles of protection of people and the environment. It goes on to describe patient dose according to scanner design, scan parameters, and methods to manage and optimize radiation doses.

Biological Effects of Diagnostic X-rays

1958 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHIELDS WARREN
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
X Rays

ON THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF X-RAYS

Science ◽  
1929 ◽  
Vol 69 (1787) ◽  
pp. 361-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. K. Svenson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
X Rays

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF X RAYS

BMJ ◽  
1922 ◽  
Vol 1 (3187) ◽  
pp. 164-164
Author(s):  
J. C. Mottram
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
X Rays

Principles of chemotherapy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Cassidy ◽  
Donald Bissett ◽  
Roy A. J. Spence OBE ◽  
Miranda Payne ◽  
Gareth Morris-Stiff
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
Intraoperative Radiotherapy ◽  
Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy ◽  
Palliative Radiotherapy ◽  
Ionising Radiation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
High Dose ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Image Guided Radiotherapy ◽  
Radical Treatment

Principles of radiation oncology outlines the physical and biological effects of ionising radiation, and its use in clinical oncology. Radiobiology, examining the response of tissue to ionising radiation, is described with regards to normal and malignant tissues. The effect of fractionation, the delivery of radiotherapy in a series of repeated exposures, is examined. The damaging effects on normal tissues are considered, particularly nonreversible late effects including carcinogenesis. Therapeutic exposure to ionising radiation is contrasted between radical and palliative radiotherapy. The physical properties of ionising radiation beams are described for superficial x-rays, megavoltage x-rays, and electrons. The process of treatment planning is summarised through beam dosimetry, target and critical organ outlining, dose planning, treatment verification, prescription and delivery. Computerised tomography is used for outlining and for verification, using cone beam CT. 0ther methods for image guided radiotherapy include fiducial markers. Increasingly intensity modulated radiotherapy is proving beneficial in reducing normal tissue damage during radical treatment. Stereotactic radiotherapy is used in the radical treatment of small unresectable malignancies. The clinical use of electron therapy, brachytherapy and intraoperative radiotherapy is described. Nuclear medicine uses unsealed radionuclides in imaging primary malignancies and their metastases, and in targeted radiotherapy. Examples include PET scanning, bone scanning, and radio iodine therapy. Whole body irradiation is used to improve outcomes after high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell or bone marrow transplantation.

COMPARATIVE CYTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE PESTICIDES MENAZON, METROBROMURON AND TETRACHLOROISOPHTHALONITRILE INHORDEUMANDTRADESCANTIA

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Tomkins ◽  
W. F. Grant
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Seedling Height ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Chromosome Breaks ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Cytogenetic Action

The biological effects of an s-triazine insecticide: menazon (MEN), a substituted urea herbicide: metobromuron (PAT) and an aromatic hydrocarbon fungicide: tetrachloroisophthalonitrile (DAC) were compared with those of ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) and X-irradiation. Seeds of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were soaked in solutions of the chemicals before determining percentage germination, seedling height and frequency of chromosomal aberrations. In addition, somatic mutations in inflorescences of Tradescantia clone 02 treated with solutions of the chemicals were counted. X-rays induced a high frequency of chromosome breaks but had no effect on any other character. In contrast, EMS had a pronounced effect on all the characters studied. Only one pesticide, PAT, had significant effects. The herbicide reduced germination percentage, seedling height and the mitotic index in barley. It is concluded that EMS and X-rays have a cytogenetic action in the treated cells, whereas PAT induced a severe physiological effect.

On the Biological Effects of X-Rays

Science ◽  
1929 ◽  
Vol 69 (1787) ◽  
pp. 361-361
Author(s):  
H. K. Svenson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
X Rays

scholarly journals The effects of X-rays on mitosis in the spermatogonial divisions of Locusta migratoria L

1935 ◽  
Vol 119 (812) ◽  
pp. 61-84 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Gene Mutation ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Mutation Rates ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Structural Alterations ◽  
Vertebrate Tissue

Although the fact that X-rays cause major structural alterations in chromosomes was actually known long before the discovery of their capacity for increasing gene mutation-rates our knowledge of the former type of effect has lagged behind. Nearly all the recent work on the biological effects of X-rays has been carried out on material such as vertebrate tissue-cultures which are extremely unfavourable for detailed study of chromosomes. Hence the very vague conceptions of the influence of radiation on the nucleus which are widespread in the literature; many authors referring to the sum total of these effects as the “sensitivity” of the nucleus to radiation. The literature dealing specifically with chromosomal abnormalities resulting from irradiation comprises only about nine papers (Helwig (1933); Huskins and Hunter (1935); Lewitsky and Araratian (1931); Mather and Stone (1934); Mather (1934); Navashin (1931); Stadler (1931); Stone (1933); and White (1935)). Of course, a great deal of work has been done on translocations and inversions produced by X-rays ( e. g. , Muller and Altenburg (1930): Muller, Prokofieva, and Raffel (1935)), but this only refers to cytologically and genetically viable abnormalities. It is obvious that these comprise only a small fraction of the total range of aberrations produced; the present paper, like those mentioned above, aims at recording all the artificially induced chromosome forms, whether capable of survival or not.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document