Race and self-reported paranoia: Increased item endorsement on subscales of the SPQ

Cross-sectional research has demonstrated the overrepresentation of gender dysphoria in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder. However, the predictors and underlying mechanisms of this co-occurrence remain unclear. This follow-up study aimed to explore baseline (childhood/adolescence) predictors for the follow-up (adulthood) self-reported wish to be of the opposite sex and to investigate its mental health correlates in a sample of 88 autistic individuals as compared with 42 typically developing controls. An item on the Adult Self-Report Inventory-4, “I wish I was the opposite sex,” was used. We compared mental health symptoms between adults with and without this item endorsement. We used prediction models to explore family and autism-related predictors in childhood/adolescence to endorse this item in adulthood. There were more adults endorsing the item in the autism spectrum disorder group compared with the typically developing group. Autistic adults who endorsed the item experienced more mental health challenges, more bullying victimization, more suicidal ideations, and worse quality of life. Lower parent-reported family support and more stereotyped/repetitive behaviors during childhood/adolescence predicted the self-reported wish to be of the opposite sex in adulthood in autistic individuals. It is necessary to raise more attention to gender development and related mental health impact in autistic individuals. Lay abstract Autistic people/people with autism spectrum disorder are more likely to experience gender dysphoria. However, the possible longitudinal predictors and underlying mechanisms of this co-occurrence are unclear. To fill this knowledge gap, we assessed 88 people with autism spectrum disorder and 42 typically developing individuals at their average ages of 13.0 (baseline, childhood/adolescence) and 20.2 years old (follow-up, adulthood). At follow-up, their endorsement on the item “I wish I was the opposite sex” was used to evaluate gender dysphoric symptoms. We compared mental health symptoms between adults with and without this item endorsement at the follow-up assessment. We explored parent-reported family and autism characteristics-related predictors in childhood/adolescence to this item endorsement in adulthood. We found that more autistic adults reported the wish to be of the opposite sex than did typically developing individuals. Autistic adults who endorsed this item experienced more mental health challenges, more school bullying and cyberbullying, more suicidal ideation, and worse quality of life. Moreover, parent-reported lower family support and more stereotyped/repetitive behaviors during childhood/adolescence predicted the self-reported wish to be of the opposite sex in adulthood in autistic individuals. More attention and support should be provided to autistic people regarding gender development and related mental health and quality of life impact, especially during the transition period to young adulthood.

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Criteria for assessing inconsistent patterns of item endorsement on the MMPI: Rationale, development, and empirical trials

Journal of Clinical Psychology ◽

10.1002/1097-4679(198903)45:2<239::aid-jclp2270450210>3.0.co;2-1 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 239-250 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

David S. Nichols ◽

Roger L. Greene ◽

Peter Schmolck

Keyword(s):

Item Endorsement

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Dimensionality and differential item endorsement of depressive symptoms among aging Black populations in South Africa: Findings from the HAALSI study

Journal of Affective Disorders ◽

10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.073 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 277 ◽

pp. 850-856

Author(s):

Leslie B. Adams ◽

Meagan Farrell ◽

Sumaya Mall ◽

Nomsa Mahlalela ◽

Lisa Berkman

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Item Endorsement ◽

Black Populations

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A Typology of Test-Takers Based on True Responding and Item Endorsement

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1978.43.2.531 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 531-537 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Martin E. Morf ◽

William R. Krane

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Response Styles ◽

True Response ◽

Item Endorsement ◽

The Mean ◽

Negative Wording

A method of assigning test-takers to four categories based on true responding and item endorsement was presented. Predictions were formulated concerning the mean probabilities of a true response of the four categories on four experimental scales which are heterogeneous and balanced in content and which differ in positive vs negative wording and personality vs attitude format. The predictions were tested on the data from 196 college students and comparisons between the four categories suggested that subjects differ reliably on true responding and item endorsement and that these two response styles may be implicated differentially by personality and attitude items.

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Person‐factors in the California Adult Q‐Set: closing the door on personality trait types?

European Journal of Personality ◽

10.1002/per.553 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 29-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Robert R. McCrae ◽

Antonio Terracciano ◽

Paul T. Costa ◽

Daniel J. Ozer

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Sample Size ◽

Personality Trait ◽

Factor Model ◽

Five Factor Model ◽

Personality Types ◽

Two Factors ◽

Item Endorsement ◽

Major Factors

To investigate recent hypotheses of replicable personality types, we examined data from 1540 self‐sorts on the California Adult Q‐Set (CAQ). Conventional factor analysis of the items showed the expected Five‐Factor Model (FFM). Inverse factor analysis across random subsamples showed that none of the previously reported person‐factors were replicated. Only two factors were replicable, and, most importantly, these factors were contaminated by mean level differences in item endorsement. Results were not due to sample size or age heterogeneity. Subsequent inverse factor analysis of standardized items revealed at least three replicable factors; when five person‐factors were extracted, they could be aligned precisely with the dimensions of the FFM. The major factors of person similarity can be accounted for entirely in terms of the FFM, consistent with the hypothesis that there are no replicable personality types in the CAQ. Published in 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Validation of a Brief Pornography Screen across multiple samples

Journal of Behavioral Addictions ◽

10.1556/2006.2020.00038 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 259-271 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shane W. Kraus ◽

Mateusz Gola ◽

Joshua B. Grubbs ◽

Ewelina Kowalewska ◽

Rani A. Hoff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factor Structure ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Behavior Disorder ◽

Compulsive Sexual Behavior ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Structure Reliability ◽

Pornography Use ◽

Item Endorsement ◽

Multiple Samples

AbstractBackground and AimsTo address current gaps around screening for problematic pornography use (PPU), we initially developed and tested a six-item Brief Pornography Screen (BPS) that asked about PPU in the past six months.Methods and ParticipantsWe recruited five independent samples from the U.S. and Poland to evaluate the psychometric properties of the BPS. In Study 1, we evaluated the factor structure, reliability, and elements of validity using a sample of 224 U.S. veterans. One item from the BPS was dropped in Study 1 due to low item endorsement. In Studies 2 and 3, we further investigated the five-item the factor structure of the BPS and evaluated its reliability and validity in two national U.S. representative samples (N = 1,466, N = 1,063, respectively). In Study 4, we confirmed the factor structure and evaluated its validity and reliability using a sample of 703 Polish adults. In Study 5, we calculated the suggested cut-off score for the screen using a sample of 105 male patients seeking treatment for compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD).ResultsFindings from a principal components analysis and confirmatory factor analysis supported a one-factor solution which yielded high internal consistency (α = 0.89–0.90), and analyses further supported elements of construct, convergent, criterion, and discriminant validity of the newly developed screen. Results from a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve suggested a cut-off score of four or higher for detecting possible PPU.ConclusionsThe BPS appears to be psychometrically sound, short, and easy to use in various settings with high potential for use in populations across international jurisdictions.

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