Regulation of Cell Wall Thickening by a Medley of Mechanisms

The origin and structure are described of the secondary protective tissue in the stem of Erythorxylum tortuosum Mart., a fire tolerant shrubby species common in Brazilian cerrado. The highly tortuous stems are covered with thick bark which is more developed at the base of the stem. After fire in the cerrado, rhytidome fragments of the burned stem flake off, revealing newly formed cork. The first periderm appears near of the terminal buds and is iniated by periclinal divisions in subepidermal cells giving rise to radial rows of cells. The first phellogen is discernible only after the differentiation of the several radial rows of cork cells. Other phellogens have their origin in successively deeper layers of the cortex. The sucessive periderms are discontinuous around the circumference. The collapsed cells with phenolic substances and the accumulated dead cells cause the formation of discontinuous blackish lines, which delimit the sucessive periderms in the rhytidome. The rhytidome contains large quantities of sclereids developed from cell wall thickening of cortex cells. The occurrence of periderm in the young parts of the stem and of rhytidome in the older parts represents pyrophytic characteristics and may explain, in part, the fire tolerance of this species.

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A Decrease in Mesophyll Conductance by Cell-Wall Thickening Contributes to Photosynthetic Downregulation

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY ◽

10.1104/pp.20.00328 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 183 (4) ◽

pp. 1600-1611 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daisuke Sugiura ◽

Ichiro Terashima ◽

John R. Evans

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Wall Thickening ◽

Mesophyll Conductance ◽

Photosynthetic Downregulation

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Cell Wall Thickening

Ecological Studies - Growth Dynamics of Conifer Tree Rings ◽

10.1007/3-540-31298-6_5 ◽

2006 ◽

pp. 135-149

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Wall Thickening

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Fine structure of tissue bordering lesions induced by wounding and virus infection

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b78-363 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 56 (23) ◽

pp. 2990-2999 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

G. Faulkner ◽

Warwick C. Kimmins

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Fine Structure ◽

Secondary Cell Wall ◽

Wall Material ◽

Wall Thickening ◽

Pinto Bean ◽

Local Lesions ◽

Virus Localization ◽

Similar Appearance ◽

Secondary Cell Wall Thickening

Tissue in Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pinto bean bordering local lesions induced by tobacco mosaic virus showed cell wall deposition associated with paramural body formation in a narrow ring of viable cells extending one to three cell diameters around the lesions. Deposition, which led to secondary cell wall thickening, was greatest 3–4 days after inoculation, the time when the lesion stopped expanding. Secondary cell wall thickening, of similar appearance but less pronounced, was seen in tissue bordering local lesions which continued to expand; no significant secondary cell wall thickening was observed in leaves with a nonlocalized infection. Cells bordering mechanical lesions differed markedly in fine structure from cells bordering virus and chemical lesions. It is suggested that the deposition of extra cell wall material in the wall regions of cells bordering fully expanded local lesions is associated with virus localization.

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Seasonally varying relationship between stem respiration, increment and carbon allocation of Norway spruce trees

Tree Physiology ◽

10.1093/treephys/tpaa039 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (7) ◽

pp. 943-955

Author(s):

Eva Darenova ◽

Petr Horáček ◽

Jan Krejza ◽

Radek Pokorný ◽

Marian Pavelka

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Norway Spruce ◽

Carbon Allocation ◽

Stem Growth ◽

Wall Thickening ◽

Radial Increment ◽

Stem Respiration ◽

Energy Demands ◽

The Relationship ◽

Stem Radial Increment

Abstract Stem respiration is an important component of an ecosystem’s carbon budget. Beside environmental factors, it depends highly on tree energy demands for stem growth. Determination of the relationship between stem growth and stem respiration would help to reveal the response of stem respiration to changing climate, which is expected to substantially affect tree growth. Common measurement of stem radial increment does not record all aspects of stem growth processes, especially those connected with cell wall thickening; therefore, the relationship between stem respiration and stem radial increment may vary depending on the wood cell growth differentiation phase. This study presents results from measurements of stem respiration and increment carried out for seven growing seasons in a young Norway spruce forest. Moreover, rates of carbon allocation to stems were modeled for these years. Stem respiration was divided into maintenance (Rm) and growth respiration (Rg) based upon the mature tissue method. There was a close relationship between Rg and daily stem radial increment (dSRI), and this relationship differed before and after dSRI seasonal maximum, which was around 19 June. Before this date, Rg increased exponentially with dSRI, while after this date logarithmically. This is a result of later maxima of Rg and its slower decrease when compared with dSRI, which is connected with energy demands for cell wall thickening. Rg reached a maxima at the end of June or in July. The maximum of carbon allocation to stem peaked in late summer, when Rg mostly tended to decrease. The overall contribution of Rg to stem CO2 efflux amounted to 46.9% for the growing period from May to September and 38.2% for the year as a whole. This study shows that further deeper analysis of in situ stem growth and stem respiration dynamics is greatly needed, especially with a focus on wood formation on a cell level.

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THE ORGANIZATION OF CYTOPLASMIC COMPONENTS DURING THE PHASE OF CELL WALL THICKENING IN DIFFERENTIATING CAMBIAL DERIVATIVES OF ACER RUBRUM

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b65-149 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 43 (11) ◽

pp. 1401-1407 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

James Cronshaw

Keyword(s):

Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Cell Wall ◽

Plasma Membrane ◽

Osmium Tetroxide ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Middle Layer ◽

Wall Thickening ◽

Cytoplasmic Microtubules ◽

Derivatives Of ◽

Peripheral Cytoplasm

Cambial derivatives of Acer rubrum have been examined at stages of their differentiation following fixation in 3% or 6% glutaraldehyde with a post fixation in osmium tetroxide. At early stages of development numerous free ribosomes are present in the cytoplasm, and elements of the endoplasmic reticulum tend to align themselves parallel to the cell surfaces. The plasma membrane is closely applied to the cell walls. During differentiation a complex system of cytoplasmic microtubules develops in the peripheral cytoplasm. These microtubules are oriented, mirroring the orientation of the most recently deposited microfibrils of the cell wall. The microtubules form a steep helix in the peripheral cytoplasm at the time of deposition of the middle layer of the secondary wall. During differentiation the free ribosomes disappear from the cytoplasm and numerous elements of rough endoplasmic reticulum with associated polyribosomes become more evident. In many cases the endoplasmic reticulum is associated with the cell surface. During the later stages of differentiation there are numerous inclusions between the cell wall and the plasma membrane.

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