Comment on the accuracy of thermodynamic data derived from studies of gas phase ion-molecule equilibria by the third law and van't Hoff methods

<div> <div> <div> <p>A key step in gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation involves the addition of acetylene (or other alkyne) to σ-type aromatic radicals, with successive additions yielding more complex PAHs. A similar process can happen for N- containing aromatics. In cold diffuse environments, such as the interstellar medium, rates of radical addition may be enhanced when the σ-type radical is charged. This paper investigates the gas-phase ion-molecule reactions of acetylene with nine aromatic distonic σ-type radical cations derived from pyridinium (Pyr), anilinium (Anl) and benzonitrilium (Bzn) ions. Three isomers are studied in each case (radical sites at the ortho, meta and para positions). Using a room temperature ion trap, second-order rate coefficients, product branching ratios and reaction efficiencies are reported. </p> </div> </div> </div>

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Quantification of Biological Resistance: Introducing a Unifying Unit and Scale of Resistance

10.31219/osf.io/s7fm8 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Rudolf Fullybright

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

Living Organism ◽

Pathogen Resistance ◽

Absolute Quantification ◽

Biological Resistance ◽

The Third ◽

Exact Measurement ◽

Unit Function ◽

Third Law ◽

Accurate Quantification

Accurate quantification of biological resistance has been impossible so far. Among the various forms of biological resistance which exist in nature, pathogen resistance to drugs is a familiar one. However, as in the case of other forms of resistance, accurately quantifying drug resistance in pathogens has been impossible up to now. Here, we introduce a mathematically-defined and uniform procedure for the absolute quantification of biological resistance deployed by any living organism in the biological realm, including and beyond drug resistance in medicine. The scheme introduced makes possible the exact measurement or computation of the extent to which resistance is deployed by any living organism regardless of kingdom and regardless of the mechanism of resistance involved. Furthermore, the Second Law of Resistance indicating that resistance has the potential to increase to infinite levels, and the Third Law of Resistance indicating that resistance comes to an end once interaction stops, the resistance unit function introduced here is fully compatible with both the Second and Third Laws of Resistance.

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Gas Phase Ion-Molecule Chemistry of Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen Compounds.

10.21236/ada152876 ◽

1985 ◽

Author(s):

C. H. DePuy ◽

V. M. Bierbaum

Keyword(s):

Gas Phase ◽

Gas Phase Ion

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Comments upon the third law of thermodynamics

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19330415 ◽

1933 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 415-423

Author(s):

V. Njegovan

Keyword(s):

The Third ◽

Third Law Of Thermodynamics ◽

Third Law

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The Third Law of Thermodynamics

10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0012 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Dennis Sherwood ◽

Paul Dalby

Keyword(s):

Absolute Zero ◽

The Third ◽

Third Law Of Thermodynamics ◽

Third Law ◽

The Absolute

The Third Law was introduced in Chapter 9; this chapter develops the Third Law more fully, introducing absolute entropies, and examining how adiabatic demagnetisation can be used to approach the absolute zero of temperature.

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