Newton’s Third Law in the Framework of Special Relativity for Charged Bodies Part 2: Preliminary Analysis of a Nano Relativistic Motor

(1) Background: In a recent paper discussing Newton’s third law in the framework of special relativity for charged bodies, it was suggested that one can construct a practical relativistic motor provided high enough charge and current densities are available. As on the macroscopic scale charge density is limited by the phenomena of dielectric breakdown, it was suggested to take advantage of the high charge densities which are available on the microscopic scale. (2) Methods: We use standard physical theories such as Maxwell electrodynamics and quantum mechanics, supplemented by tools from vector analysis and numerics. (3) Results: We show that a hydrogen atom either in the ground state or excited state will not produce a relativistic engine effect, but by breaking the symmetry or putting the electron in a wave packet state may produce relativistic motor effect. (4) Conclusions: A highly localized wave packet will produce a strong relativistic motor effect. The preliminary analysis of the current paper suggests new promising directions of research both theoretical and experimental.

A new touch temperature of the event horizon and Rindler horizon in the Kinnersley spacetime

The Kinnersley spacetime not only describes a non-spherical symmetric, non-stationary and accelerating black hole, but also can be used to explore the characteristics of collision of two black holes because it has two horizons: the Rindler horizon and the event horizon. Previous research shows Rindler horizon and the event horizon cannot touch due to violation of the third law of thermodynamics. By solving a fermion dynamical equation including the Lorentz dispersion relation, we obtain a modified radiation temperature at the event horizon of the black hole, as well as the colliding temperature at the touch point of Rindler horizon and the event horizon. We find the temperature at the touch point is not equal to zero if $${\dot{r}}_H\ne 0$$ r ˙ H ≠ 0 . This result indicates that the event horizon and Rindler horizon can collide without violation of the third law of thermodynamics when Lorentz dispersion relation is considered.

Preliminary Analysis of a Nano Relativistic Motor

In a recent paper discussing Newton’s third law in the framework of special relativity for charged bodies, it was suggested that one can construct a practical relativistic motor provided high enough charge and current densities are available. As on the macroscopic scale charge density is limited by the phenomena of dielectric breakdown, it was suggested to take advantage of the high charge densities which are available on the microscopic scale. A preliminary analysis of this option denoted "nano relativistic scale" is studied in the current paper.

An electrostatics paradox

An electric charge located outside a closed metal box does not produce an electric field inside the box. On the other hand, an electric charge located inside the box can generate an electric field outside the box. A charge inside the box can therefore exert a force on a charge outside the box, but not vice-versa, in apparent contradiction of Newton’s third law.

An Assessment of the Application of Bernoulli’s Theorem in the Generation of Lift Force

In this paper, we will be performing a detailed analysis of the application of Bernoulli’s Theorem in aviation and aerodynamics. The aim of our experiment and consequently this paper is to verify the application of Bernoulli’s Theorem in the aviation industry. In the field of aerodynamics, Bernoulli’s Theorem has been specifically used in shaping the wings of an aircraft. Over the years, however there has been a significant controversy in the aviation industry regarding the generation of lift force, especially the applicability of Newton’s Third Law of Motion along with Bernoulli’s Theorem. The controversy seems to be due to a combined effect of Newton’s and Bernoulli’s theorems’ (e.g. ‘Equal Transit Time Theory’), which may be incorrectly applied in the real world. Further, it seems that people are over-simplifying the problem of aerodynamic lift leading to the dismissal of either one of the theorems, when in reality both the theorems seem to be at play, as explained in this paper. For the generation of lift in air, momentum, mass and energy need to be conserved. Newton’s laws take into account the conservation of momentum, whereas Bernoulli’s Theorem considers the conservation of energy. Hence, they are both relevant for the generation of lift in air. However, no one has been able to determine accurately the working of both these theorems in the process of providing lift to an aircraft. Through this research paper, we have been able to prove the effect of Bernoulli’s Theorem in generating lift in air.

A new approach to the derivation of the law of universal gravitation from Kepler’s laws

Everyone knows that the inverse square law follows from Kepler’s third law. Let us prove more: the law of universal gravitation follows from Kepler’s third law.

Analisis Pemahaman Konsep, Multirepresentasi, dan Kosistensi Jawaban Siswa SMA pada Konsep Hukum III Newton

Newton's third law is a fundamental concept of Physics that is still not reached by students. The tendency of students who do not understand the concept well can be observed by measuring the ability of multi-representation and solutions when solving Physics problems. Therefore, this study aims to determine the concept of Newton's third law understood by students, the multi-representation students have, and the consistency of students' answers in answering physics questions. The participants numbered 28 students from the second semester of high school, selected using the purposive sampling technique, who had just completed discussions about Newton's Law and were willing to participate in this study. Participants were given 6 two-tier question items that managed the R-FCI questions. The results of the answers were analyzed quantitatively to determine the initial percentage description and then analyzed qualitatively to determine understanding, multi-representation ability, and consistency in depth. Most of the participants had low conceptual understanding and answered the questions consistent-wrong. However, based on the analysis of the answer choices and the reasons given, most students understand the meaning of the representation of the answers given