FEMINISM PORTRAYED IN GRETA GERWIG’S MOVIE LITTLE WOMEN; ANALYSIS IN MODERN ERA

This paper discussed feminism in the Little Women movie directed by Greta Gerwig in 2019. This movie is adapted from Louisa May Alcott’s novel which was written initially in 1868. This study aimed to find out how feminism is described through the leading character. The other objective is to search the types of feminism on main character refers to Tong and Botts’s theory. The writer used descriptive qualitative methods which content analysis of the movie. All data is presented in the form of words and sentences and used library research as a way to collect data by reading and selecting quotations from the Little Women movie. As the result, it is found that there are five types of feminism: Liberal Feminism type, Marxist Feminism and Socialist type, Radical libertarian Feminism type, Psychoanalytic Feminism type, and Postmodern Feminism type. Besides the types of feminism, the discussions depicted feminism impact to the characters among women and sends the views and values in women personal life with connected to the relationship of family matters as well.

Photoredox-Enabled 1,2-Dialkylation of α-Substituted Acrylates via Ireland–Claisen Rearrangement

Herein, we report the 1,2-dialkylation of simple feedstock acrylates for the synthesis of valuable tertiary carboxylic acids by merging Giese-type radical addition with an Ireland–Claisen rearrangement. Key to success is...

Reactivity Trends in the Gas Phase Addition of Acetylene to N-protonated Aryl Radical Cations

<div> <div> <div> <p>A key step in gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation involves the addition of acetylene (or other alkyne) to σ-type aromatic radicals, with successive additions yielding more complex PAHs. A similar process can happen for N- containing aromatics. In cold diffuse environments, such as the interstellar medium, rates of radical addition may be enhanced when the σ-type radical is charged. This paper investigates the gas-phase ion-molecule reactions of acetylene with nine aromatic distonic σ-type radical cations derived from pyridinium (Pyr), anilinium (Anl) and benzonitrilium (Bzn) ions. Three isomers are studied in each case (radical sites at the ortho, meta and para positions). Using a room temperature ion trap, second-order rate coefficients, product branching ratios and reaction efficiencies are reported. </p> </div> </div> </div>

Reactivity Trends in the Gas Phase Addition of Acetylene to N-protonated Aryl Radical Cations

<div> <div> <div> <p>A key step in gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation involves the addition of acetylene (or other alkyne) to σ-type aromatic radicals, with successive additions yielding more complex PAHs. A similar process can happen for N- containing aromatics. In cold diffuse environments, such as the interstellar medium, rates of radical addition may be enhanced when the σ-type radical is charged. This paper investigates the gas-phase ion-molecule reactions of acetylene with nine aromatic distonic σ-type radical cations derived from pyridinium (Pyr), anilinium (Anl) and benzonitrilium (Bzn) ions. Three isomers are studied in each case (radical sites at the ortho, meta and para positions). Using a room temperature ion trap, second-order rate coefficients, product branching ratios and reaction efficiencies are reported. </p> </div> </div> </div>

Radiation Induced One-Electron Oxidation of 2-Thiouracil in Aqueous Solutions

Oxidative damage to 2-thiouracil (2-TU) by hydroxyl (•OH) and azide (N3) radicals produces various primary reactive intermediates. Their optical absorption spectra and kinetic characteristics were studied by pulse radiolysis with UV-vis spectrophotometric and conductivity detection and by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) method. The transient absorption spectra recorded in the reactions of •OH with 2-TU depend on the concentration of 2-TU, however, only slightly on pH. At low concentrations, they are characterized by a broad absorption band with a weakly pronounced maxima located at λ = 325, 340 and 385 nm, whereas for high concentrations, they are dominated by an absorption band with λmax ≈ 425 nm. Based on calculations using TD-DFT method, the transient absorption spectra at low concentration of 2-TU were assigned to the ●OH-adducts to the double bond at C5 and C6 carbon atoms (3●, 4●) and 2c-3e bonded ●OH adduct to sulfur atom (1…●OH) and at high concentration of 2-TU also to the dimeric 2c-3e S-S-bonded radical in neutral form (2●). The dimeric radical (2●) is formed in the reaction of thiyl-type radical (6●) with 2-TU and both radicals are in an equilibrium with Keq = 4.2 × 103 M−1. Similar equilibrium (with Keq = 4.3 × 103 M−1) was found for pH above the pKa of 2-TU which involves admittedly the same radical (6●) but with the dimeric 2c-3e S-S bonded radical in anionic form (2●−). In turn, ●N3-induced oxidation of 2-TU occurs via radical cation with maximum spin location on the sulfur atom which subsequently undergoes deprotonation at N1 atom leading again to thiyl-type radical (6●). This radical is a direct precursor of dimeric radical (2●).

Ozonolysis of 3-carene in the atmosphere. Formation mechanism of hydroxyl radical and secondary ozonides

Ozonolysis of 3-carene produces mainly OH + vinoxy-type radical, dioxirane, and 3-caronic acid.

Site-specific hydroxyalkylation of chromones via alcohol mediated Minisci-type radical conjugate addition

The metal-free C2-functionalization of chromones with alcohols and ethers via radical sp3 C–H activation was developed.