Matrix and cell injury due to sub-impact loading of adult bovine articular cartilage explants: effects of strain rate and peak stress

Impact loading of articular cartilage leads to post-traumatic osteoarthritis (OA) through its effects on the cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) of the tissue. Studies have shown the level of impact or injurious compression correlates with increased cell death, degradation of the ECM, and detrimental changes in biomechanical properties [1]. Recently, several bioactive agents, such as P188 and IGF-I, have shown promising results by reducing cell death following injurious compression of cartilage explants [2, 3].

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Identification of Distinct Metabolic Pools of Aggrecan and Their Relationship to Type VI Collagen in the Chondrons of Mature Bovine Articular Cartilage Explants

Connective Tissue Research ◽

10.3109/03008209809002445 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 37 (3-4) ◽

pp. 277-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Gavin m. Winter ◽

C. Anthony Poole ◽

Mirna Z. Ilic ◽

Jacqueline M. Ross ◽

H. Clem Robinson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Cartilage Explants ◽

Type Vi Collagen ◽

Bovine Articular Cartilage

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Influence of Stress Magnitude on Water Loss and Chondrocyte Viability in Impacted Articular Cartilage

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.1610021 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 125 (5) ◽

pp. 594-601 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Dejan Milentijevic ◽

David L. Helfet ◽

Peter A. Torzilli

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Water Loss ◽

Articular Surface ◽

Axial Strain ◽

Biological Response ◽

Peak Stress ◽

Cartilage Explants ◽

Axial Deformation ◽

Chondrocyte Viability ◽

Chondrocyte Death

The objective of this study was to assess mechano-biological response of articular cartilage when subjected to a single impact stress. Mature bovine cartilage explants were impacted with peak stresses ranging from 10 to 60 MPa at a stress rate of 350 MPa/s. Water loss, matrix axial deformation, dynamic impact modulus (DIM), and cell viability were measured immediately after impaction. The water loss through the articular surface (AS) was small and ranged from 1% to 6% with increasing peak stress. The corresponding axial strains ranged from 2.5% to 25%, respectively, while the DIM was 455.9±111.9 MPa. Chondrocyte death started at the articular surface and increased in depth to a maximum of 6% (70 μm) of the cartilage thickness at the highest stress. We found that the volumetric (axial) strain was more than twice the amount of water loss at the highest peak stress. Furthermore, specimens impacted such that the interstitial water was forced through the deep zone (DZ) had less water loss, a higher DIM, and no cell death. These findings appear to be due to matrix compaction in the superficial region causing higher compressive strains to occur at the surface rather than in the deeper zones.

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Age-Related Differences in the Metabolism of Proteoglycans in Bovine Articular Cartilage Explants Maintained in the Presence of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I

Connective Tissue Research ◽

10.3109/03008209109152167 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 26 (1-2) ◽

pp. 101-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Judith Barone-varelas ◽

Thomas J. Schnitzer ◽

Qi Meng ◽

Lori Otten ◽

Eugene J-M. A. Thonar

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Cartilage Explants ◽

Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽

Bovine Articular Cartilage ◽

Factor I ◽

Age Related ◽

Growth Factor I

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Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Proteoglycan Metabolism of Bovine Articular Cartilage Explants

Connective Tissue Research ◽

10.1080/713713683 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 154-159 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Monica De Mattei ◽

Michela Pasello ◽

Agnese Pellati ◽

Giordano Stabellini ◽

Leo Massari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Electromagnetic Fields ◽

Cartilage Explants ◽

Bovine Articular Cartilage

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Heterogeneous three-dimensional strain fields during unconfined cyclic compression in bovine articular cartilage explants

Journal of Orthopaedic Research® ◽

10.1016/j.orthres.2005.03.022.1100230622 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 1390-1398 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

C. P. Neu ◽

M. L. Hull ◽

J. H. Walton

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Cartilage Explants ◽

Strain Fields ◽

Bovine Articular Cartilage ◽

Cyclic Compression

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Friction and Wear of Hemiarthroplasty Biomaterials in Reciprocating Sliding Contact With Articular Cartilage

Journal of Tribology ◽

10.1115/1.4004760 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 133 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

S. M. T. Chan ◽

C. P. Neu ◽

K. Komvopoulos ◽

A. H. Reddi ◽

P. E. Di Cesare

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Friction Coefficient ◽

Friction And Wear ◽

Cartilage Explants ◽

Cobalt Chromium ◽

Protein Loss ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Reciprocating Sliding ◽

Bovine Articular Cartilage ◽

Nanoscale Friction

Friction and wear of four common orthopaedic biomaterials, alumina (Al2O3), cobalt-chromium (CoCr), stainless steel (SS), and crosslinked ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), sliding against bovine articular cartilage explants were investigated by reciprocating sliding, nanoscale friction and roughness measurements, protein wear assays, and histology. Under the experimental conditions of the present study, CoCr yielded the largest increase in cartilage friction coefficient, largest amount of protein loss, and greatest change in nanoscale friction after sliding against cartilage. UHMWPE showed the lowest cartilage friction coefficient, least amount of protein loss, and insignificant changes in nanoscale friction after sliding. Although the results are specific to the testing protocol and surface roughness of the examined biomaterials, they indicate that CoCr tends to accelerate wear of cartilage, whereas the UHMWPE shows the best performance against cartilage. This study also shows that the surface characteristics of all biomaterials must be further improved to achieve the low friction coefficient of the cartilage/cartilage interface.

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Latrunculin and Cytochalasin Decrease Chondrocyte Matrix Retention

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry ◽

10.1177/002215540205001004 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 50 (10) ◽

pp. 1313-1323 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Ghada A. Nofal ◽

Cheryl B. Knudson

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Actin Cytoskeleton ◽

Cartilage Explants ◽

Cartilage Tissue ◽

Pericellular Matrix ◽

Matrix Assembly ◽

Tissue Slices ◽

Cd44 Expression ◽

Bovine Articular Cartilage ◽

Cytoskeletal Disruption

The proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) directly associated with the cells of articular cartilage is anchored to the chondrocyte plasma membrane via interaction with the hyaluronan receptor CD44. The cytoplasmic tail of CD44 interacts with the cortical cytoskeleton. The objective of this study was to determine the role of the actin cytoskeleton in CD44-mediated matrix assembly by chondrocytes and cartilage matrix retention and homeostasis. Adult bovine articular cartilage tissue slices and isolated chondrocytes were treated with latrunculin or cytochalasin. Tissues were processed for histology and chondrocytes were examined for CD44 expression and pericellular matrix assembly. Treatments that disrupt the actin cytoskeleton reduced chondrocyte pericellular matrix assembly and the retention of proteoglycan within cartilage explants. There was enhanced detection of a neoepitope resulting from proteolysis of aggrecan. Cytoskeletal disruption did not reduce CD44 expression, as monitored by flow cytometry, but detergent extraction of CD44 was enhanced and hyaluronan binding was decreased. Thus, disruption of the cytoskeleton reduces the anchorage of CD44 in the chondrocyte membrane and the capacity of CD44 to bind its ligand. The results suggest that cytoskeletal disruption within cartilage uncouples chondrocytes from the matrix, resulting in altered metabolism and deleterious changes in matrix structure.

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