The creation of a securities market in the later sixteenth century

1991 ◽  
pp. 104-129
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Securities Market ◽  
The Creation

Toward a New Moral Understanding of the Tudor Conquest of Ireland

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
William Palmer
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Moral Understanding ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Extreme Violence ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Moral Behaviors

The English conquest of Ireland during the sixteenth century was accompanied by extreme violence. Historians remain divided on the motivations behind this violence. This article argues that the English violence in Ireland may be attributed to four main factors: the fear of foreign Catholic intervention through Ireland; the methods by which Irish rebels chose to fight; decisions made by English officials in London to not fund English forces in Ireland at a reasonable level while demanding that English officials in Ireland keep Ireland under control; and the creation of a system by which many of those who made the plans never had to see the suffering they inflicted. The troops who carried out the plans had to choose between their own survival and moral behaviors that placed their survival at risk.

Toward a New Moral Understanding of the Tudor Conquest of Ireland

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
William Palmer
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Moral Understanding ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Extreme Violence ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Moral Behaviors

The English conquest of Ireland during the sixteenth century was accompanied by extreme violence. Historians remain divided on the motivations behind this violence. This article argues that the English violence in Ireland may be attributed to four main factors: the fear of foreign Catholic intervention through Ireland; the methods by which Irish rebels chose to fight; decisions made by English officials in London to not fund English forces in Ireland at a reasonable level while demanding that English officials in Ireland keep Ireland under control; and the creation of a system by which many of those who made the plans never had to see the suffering they inflicted. The troops who carried out the plans had to choose between their own survival and moral behaviors that placed their survival at risk.

Empiricism in Sixteenth-Century Medical Practice

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 487-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Stolberg
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Personal Observation ◽  
Lay Persons ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Key Terms

Based on an analysis of some 4.000 pages of manuscript notes on ordinary medical practice which the little-known Bohemian physician Georg Handsch (1529–1578?) wrote from the late 1540s, this article traces the central place which empiricist attitudes and approaches held in mid-sixteenth-century learned medical practice. While explicit epistemological statements are rare, the very effort which Handsch put into recording thousands of observations he and other physicians around him had made, and the value they attributed to the experiences of ordinary lay persons and even “empirics” reflects a profound belief in the value of sensory experience and personal observation. The paper traces the uses of empiricist key terms like “experientia,” “historia” and “observatio,” it highlights the epistemic effects of personal observation, from confirming and challenging established notions to the creation of new general knowledge from particulars, and it suggests, in conclusion, that such brief notes on ordinary medical practice played an important role in the history of “facts.” 


Ex vita patrum formatur vita fratrum: The Appropriation of the Desert Fathers in the Augustinian Monasticism of the Later Middle Ages

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-228
Author(s):  
Eric Saak
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Saint Augustine ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Desert Fathers ◽  
The Creation ◽  
John Cassian

AbstractThis article traces the role of the desert fathers in the creation of the late medieval Augustinian Myth. It argues that the major problem facing members of the Order of Hermits of Saint Augustine (OESA) was how to appropriate the tradition of the desert fathers and that of Augustine's monasticism for the tradition of the Order. In this light, special attention is given to the Pseudo-Augustinian Sermones ad fratres in eremo and the central importance of John Cassian and Paul of Thebes. Of particular importance are the works of Jordan of Quedlinburg, which shaped the identity of the OESA from the mid-fourteenth to the early sixteenth century. The desert fathers provided the model of the eremitical life, and thus Jordan "mythified" the desert fathers as he had Augustine himself. This was not an issue of historical identification, but of mythic creation in an attempt to provide the foundation of the late medieval OESA.

William Harrison and Holinshed'S Chronicles

1984 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. R. Parry
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Main Thrust ◽  
Intellectual Milieu ◽  
The Creation

Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotlande and Irelande are an impressive monument to the fruitful co-operation of sixteenth-century scholars. This paper explores part of the creation of the Chronicles and examines some of the complex evidence about the involvement of William Harrison, author of the informative and entertaining Description of Britain published in the Chronicles. For the discovery of a manuscript of Harrison's ‘Great English chronology’ allows a fuller appreciation of his role in the Holinshed group, and reveals tensions within the intellectual milieu from which the Chronicles emerged. The ‘Chronology’ demonstrates that Harrison's Description, written to a commission in 1576, was a deviation from the main thrust of his own work, and together with his other contributions was a late and complicating development in the genesis of the Chronicles. The ‘Chronology’ also shows that some of Harrison's work was censored by Holinshed where it offended his sense of legitimate historical discussion. Before the second edition of the Chronicles in 1587, there was further disagreement about the value of Harrison's contribution.

scholarly journals Absence of Consideration in the Law of Bills and Notes

1980 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Geva
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Common Law ◽  
House Of Lords ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Law

By the latter part of the sixteenth century the theory of liability on bills of exchange had been adapted to common law theory of contract so as to lie in assumpsit. In 1787 it was fully settled by the House of Lords that all “contracts in writing … [which are] merely written and not specialties … are parol” and require consideration. Promissory notes and bills of exchange fell into this category. Indeed, “bills and notes were contracts and being such there was no persuasive reason why the basis of liability on a bill or note should be any different from that on any other written contract for payment of money.” While there is no provision in the Bills of Exchange Act (“the Act”) directly to the point, it is well established indeed that consideration of “value” is needed for the creation of an obligation under a negotiable instrument. According to Chalmers, “where B, by way of gift, makes a note in favour of C, C cannot recover from B.”

scholarly journals William Lauder

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Martin
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Literary Culture ◽  
Devotional Poetry ◽  
Advice Giving ◽  
The Creation ◽  
High Standards

This essay demonstrates the importance of the little-known poet William Lauder to the literary culture of mid-sixteenth-century Scotland and compares his work to that of his contemporaries, David Lyndsay and Richard Maitland. It argues that Lauder’s mirror for princes, Ane Compendious and breve Tractate, Concernyng þe Office and dewtie of Kyngis, printed in 1556, combines elements of the Older Scots advisory tradition with Protestant reformist thinking. The essay compares this political ‘tractate’ to Lauder’s post-Reformation devotional poetry, which is less confident in secular authority but nevertheless adopts the interest in advice giving and adapts it to the spiritual lives of Lauder’s readers. These poems demand high standards of moral and ethical reform from their readers, and the audience’s wider engagement with scriptural texts. In encouraging reading, self-reform, and self-understanding, the poems in turn urge their audience to strive for social justice and order in the creation of a godly society.

Unification and Regularization in the Sixteenth-Century Spiritual Climate

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison More
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Third Order ◽  
The Third ◽  
Spiritual Climate ◽  
The Creation

Official Franciscan mythology recounts that unity was definitively restored to the third order with the rule that Pope Leo X promulgated in his 1521 bull Inter cetera. However, close examination reveals that this group (or indeed any other tertiary order) was no more organized at this time than at any other point in its history: confusion still existed between tertiaries and women known as beguines, and Observant attempts at regularization had often created distinct federations rather than a unified order. This chapter examines the practical effects of sixteenth-century monasticization and the ways that it is portrayed in the historical record. As well as quasi-religious groups such as the beguines and tertiaries, it examines the creation of ‘new’ forms of religious life such as the Ursulines.

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