Volatiles mediate host-selection in the corn hoppers Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and Peregrinus maidis (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (05) ◽  
pp. 633-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.V. Coll Aráoz ◽  
V.G. Jacobi ◽  
P.C. Fernandez ◽  
E. Luft Albarracin ◽  
E.G. Virla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Selection ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Host Recognition ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Dalbulus Maidis ◽  
Peregrinus Maidis ◽  
Olfactory Responses ◽  
Phototactic Response ◽  
Volatile Cues

AbstractVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by plants are generally involved in host recognition and host selection for many phytophagous insects. However, for leafhoppers and planthoppers, host recognition is mainly thought to involve a phototactic response, but it is not clear if a host plant could be selected based on the volatile cues it emits. In this study we evaluated olfactory responses in dual choice tests of two Hemiptera species, Dalbulus maidis (De Long) (Cicadellidae) and Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead) (Delphacidae), vectors of maize-stunting diseases, to three maize (Zea mays L.) germplasms, a temperate and a tropical hybrid and a landrace. VOCs emitted by the germplasms were collected and identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The temperate hybrid released significantly more VOCs than the tropical hybrid and the landrace, and its volatile profile was dominated by (±)-linalool. D. maidis preferred odours emitted from the temperate hybrid, whereas P. maidis preferred odours from the tropical hybrid and the landrace over the temperate one. In order to test if linalool plays a role in the behavioural responses, we assayed this compound in combination with the tropical hybrid, to provide other contextual olfactory cues. D. maidis was attracted to the tropical hybrid plus a 0.0001% linalool solution, indicating that this compound could be part of a blend of attractants. Whereas addition of linalool resulted in a slight, though not significant, reduction in host VOC attractiveness for P. maidis. Both hopper species responded to olfactory cues in the absence of supplementary visual cues.

scholarly journals Food Avoidance Learning in Squirrel Monkeys and Common Marmosets

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-203
Author(s):  
Matthias Laska ◽  
Karin Metzker
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Learning ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Food Avoidance ◽  
Robust Learning ◽  
Olfactory Cue ◽  
Potential Food

Using a conditioned food avoidance learning paradigm, six squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and six common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were tested for their ability to (1) reliably form associations between visual or olfactory cues of a potential food and its palatability and (2) remember such associations over prolonged periods of time. We found (1) that at the group level both species showed one-trial learning with the visual cues color and shape, whereas only the marmosets were able to do so with the olfactory cue, (2) that all individuals from both species learned to reliably avoid the unpalatable food items within 10 trials, (3) a tendency in both species for quicker acquisition of the association with the visual cues compared with the olfactory cue, (4) a tendency for quicker acquisition and higher reliability of the aversion by the marmosets compared with the squirrel monkeys, and (5) that all individuals from both species were able to reliably remember the significance of the visual cues, color and shape, even after 4 months, whereas only the marmosets showed retention of the significance of the olfactory cues for up to 4 weeks. Furthermore, the results suggest that in both species tested, illness is not a necessary prerequisite for food avoidance learning but that the presumably innate rejection responses toward highly concentrated but nontoxic bitter and sour tastants are sufficient to induce robust learning and retention.

Smelling home: a good solution for burrow-finding in nocturnal petrels?

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (16) ◽  
pp. 2519-2523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Bonadonna ◽  
Vincent Bretagnolle
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory System ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Zinc Sulphate ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Nocturnal Activity ◽  
Complete Darkness ◽  
Visual Guidance ◽  
Nest Recognition ◽  
Return Home ◽  
Nesting Habits

SUMMARY Many burrowing petrels are able to return to their nests in complete darkness. The well-developed anatomy of their olfactory system and the attraction that food-related odour cues have for some petrel species suggest that olfaction may be used to recognize the burrow. In contrast,surface-nesting petrels may rely on visual cues to recognise their nest. We performed experiments on nine species of petrel (with different nesting habits) rendered anosmic either by plugging the nostrils or by injecting zinc sulphate onto the nasal epithelium. Compared with shamtreated control birds,we found that anosmia impaired nest recognition only in species that nest in burrows and that return home in darkness. Therefore, petrels showing nocturnal activity on land may rely on their sense of smell to find their burrows, while petrels showing diurnal activity or surface nesters may disregard olfactory cues in favour of visual guidance.

scholarly journals The Influence of Visual and Olfactory Cues in Host Selection for Bemisia tabaci Biotype B in the Presence or Absence of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Johnston ◽  
Xavier Martini
Keyword(s):  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Host Selection ◽  
Tomato Yellow Leaf ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Yellow Leaf ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
Leaf Curl Virus ◽  
Leaf Curl

The silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is one of the most destructive agricultural pests in the world, vectoring a large number of devastating viruses, including Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV). When selecting a host, B. tabaci is primarily influenced by a range of visual and olfactory cues. Therefore, elucidating how such cues become modified in the presence of whitefly-vectored begomoviruses is critical to better understanding the epidemiology of many economically important diseases. The goal of this study was to determine how both visual and odor cues interact in the presence of TYLCV. In Y-tube olfactometer assays, whiteflies were submitted to a range of isolated visual and olfactory cues to determine behavioral changes. B. tabaci choices were then compared to both stimuli combined in the presence or absence of TYLCV. Under visual stimuli only, B. tabaci exhibited a visual attraction to the color yellow, TYLCV-infected tomato leaves, and TYLCV-infected tomato volatiles. Attraction was the strongest overall when both visual and olfactory cues from TYLCV-symptomatic tomato plants were combined, as opposed to a single isolated cue. These results highlight the importance of both sensory stimuli during B. tabaci host selection in the presence of an associated begomovirus.

scholarly journals The use of salivary α-amylase as an evolutionary solution to host selection in parasitoids

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gladys Bichang’a ◽  
Jean-Luc Da Lage ◽  
Claire-Marie Mailhan ◽  
Frédéric Marion-Poll ◽  
Claire Capdevielle-Dulac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Selection ◽  
Host Recognition ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
Antennal Sensilla ◽  
Oral Secretions ◽  
Behavioral Observations ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Feeding Process ◽  
First Contact ◽  
Gustatory Neurons

AbstractForaging parasitoids use chemical signals in host recognition and selection processes. Thereby, chemicals from the herbivore hosts play a crucial role. When different herbivores are present in the same plant or field, the perception of specific volatiles and contact compounds emitted from the host itself enable the parasitoids both to differentiate between hosts and non-hosts and to estimate the health status of its host. During the host feeding process, contact between the parasitoid and its host is very crucial, and oral secretions from the host play a key role during the first contact for such evaluation by the parasitoid. Using an integration of behavioral observations, biochemical and sensory physiological approaches we demonstrate that female parasitoids of Cotesia flavipes recognize their host and oviposit in reaction to an α-amylase, which is present in the oral secretions of the larvae of their host, Chilo partellus. This activity was also mediated by a purified α-amylase synthetized from Drosophila melanogaster. Using this synthetized enzyme, we further demonstrate that the conformation of the enzyme rather than its catalytic site is responsible for this activity. This enzyme is activating gustatory neurons of the terminal antennal sensilla chaetica of C. flavipes females. α-amylases are therefore good candidates for an evolutionary solution to host selection in parasitoids, thus opening new avenues for investigations in hosts-parasitoids interactions.

scholarly journals Behavioral Responses of Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) to Visual and Olfactory Cues at Short Distances

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyun Ren ◽  
Shengyong Wu ◽  
Zhenlong Xing ◽  
Ruirui Xu ◽  
Wanzhi Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Capture Rate ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Flower Shape ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Choice Tests

Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a highly invasive pest, infesting many species of plants worldwide, but few studies have investigated the visual and olfactory cues associated with their foraging behaviors. In this study, the distance traveled by WFT to locate yellow cards using only visual cues and visual cues plus olfactory cues was studied first. Subsequently, preferences for colors (white, red, green, purple, yellow and blue) and patterns (triangle, rectangle, circle and flower-shape) over short distances were assessed with free-choice tests. Finally, as yellow was the most efficient color to catch WFT under laboratory conditions, the yellow flower-shape was used as the visual cue, and preferences between visual and olfactory cues were evaluated with dual choice tests. The results showed that the capture rate of WFT by visual cues decreased as selection distance increased, however capture rate remained higher with the addition of olfactory cues. The flower shape attracted the greatest number of WFT among all shapes tested. The combination of visual cues and extracted volatiles from flowering Medicago sativa L. attracted higher numbers of WFT than to the olfactory cues alone, however these were similar to visual cues alone. The presence of olfactory cues resulted in higher residence times by WFT than did the absence of olfactory cues. These results show the relative effects of visual and olfactory cues on the orientation of WFT to hosts and highlight that visual cues dominate selection behavior at short distances. These findings can be used in the development of efficient trapping products and management strategies for thrips.

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