scholarly journals Behavioral Responses of Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) to Visual and Olfactory Cues at Short Distances

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyun Ren ◽  
Shengyong Wu ◽  
Zhenlong Xing ◽  
Ruirui Xu ◽  
Wanzhi Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Capture Rate ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Flower Shape ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Choice Tests

Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a highly invasive pest, infesting many species of plants worldwide, but few studies have investigated the visual and olfactory cues associated with their foraging behaviors. In this study, the distance traveled by WFT to locate yellow cards using only visual cues and visual cues plus olfactory cues was studied first. Subsequently, preferences for colors (white, red, green, purple, yellow and blue) and patterns (triangle, rectangle, circle and flower-shape) over short distances were assessed with free-choice tests. Finally, as yellow was the most efficient color to catch WFT under laboratory conditions, the yellow flower-shape was used as the visual cue, and preferences between visual and olfactory cues were evaluated with dual choice tests. The results showed that the capture rate of WFT by visual cues decreased as selection distance increased, however capture rate remained higher with the addition of olfactory cues. The flower shape attracted the greatest number of WFT among all shapes tested. The combination of visual cues and extracted volatiles from flowering Medicago sativa L. attracted higher numbers of WFT than to the olfactory cues alone, however these were similar to visual cues alone. The presence of olfactory cues resulted in higher residence times by WFT than did the absence of olfactory cues. These results show the relative effects of visual and olfactory cues on the orientation of WFT to hosts and highlight that visual cues dominate selection behavior at short distances. These findings can be used in the development of efficient trapping products and management strategies for thrips.

scholarly journals The Time–Concentration–Mortality Responses of Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, to the Synergistic Interaction of Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium flavoviride, Insecticides, and Diatomaceous Earth

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenchao Ge ◽  
Guangzu Du ◽  
Limin Zhang ◽  
Zhengyue Li ◽  
Guanli Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diatomaceous Earth ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Metarhizium Flavoviride ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Median Lethal Concentrations

Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a highly invasive pest which is harmful to many cash crops globally and resistant to various insecticides. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), as biological control agents, have demonstrated a good control effect on WFT. The aim of this study was to evaluate the synergistic and pathogenicity efficacy of the fungal strain Metarhizium flavoviride WSWL51721 when distributed with diatomaceous earth (DE) and the active ingredient imidacloprid using four bioassay methods against adult and second instar larvae of WFT. The data of the four bioassays have been fitted to the time–concentration–mortality (TCM) model. The corrected mortality ranges of WFT adults were 75–100%, 82.69–100%, 78.85–100%, and 92.31–100%, and the corrected mortality ranges of WFT second instar larvae were 72.22–100%, 85.19–100%, 77.77–100%, and 100% in the four bioassays at concentrations of 1.2 × 106 to 1.2 × 108 conidia/mL, respectively. At 1.2 × 108 conidia/mL, assays 2 (M. flavoviride with DE), 3 (M. flavoviride with imidacloprid), and 4 (M. flavoviride with DE and imidacloprid) had the shortest median lethal time (LT50), compared with that of assay 1 (M. flavoviride alone) for adults at 2.26 d, 2.06 d, and 1.53 d, and second instar larvae at 2.45 d, 1.70 d, and 1.41 d, respectively. The median lethal concentration (LC50) in the four bioassays decreased within 3–10 days of inoculation. On the third day, it was found that the lowest median lethal concentrations in assays 2, 3, and 4 were 1.58 × 107, 1.13 × 107, and 3.39 × 106 conidia/mL, respectively, which were significantly different from that in assay 1 for the adults. For the second instar larvae, assays 2, 3, and 4 also had the lowest lethal concentrations and were significantly different from those of assay 1. There were significant differences in sporulation between adults and second instar larvae under the four bioassays. Our results indicate that assays 2 (M. flavoviride with DE), 3 (M. flavoviride with imidacloprid), and 4 (M. flavoviride with DE and imidacloprid) demonstrate synergistic effects on the control of both adult and second instar larvae of WFT under laboratory conditions.

scholarly journals Invasion Biology, Ecology, and Management of Western Flower Thrips

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart R. Reitz ◽  
Yulin Gao ◽  
William D.J. Kirk ◽  
Mark S. Hoddle ◽  
Kirsten A. Leiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Invasion Biology ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Development Of Resistance

Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, first arose as an important invasive pest of many crops during the 1970s–1980s. The tremendous growth in international agricultural trade that developed then fostered the invasiveness of western flower thrips. We examine current knowledge regarding the biology of western flower thrips, with an emphasis on characteristics that contribute to its invasiveness and pest status. Efforts to control this pest and the tospoviruses that it vectors with intensive insecticide applications have been unsuccessful and have created significant problems because of the development of resistance to numerous insecticides and associated outbreaks of secondary pests. We synthesize information on effective integrated management approaches for western flower thrips that have developed through research on its biology, behavior, and ecology. We further highlight emerging topics regarding the species status of western flower thrips, as well as its genetics, biology, and ecology that facilitate its use as a model study organism and will guide development of appropriate management practices.

scholarly journals Returns to research and outreach for integrated pest management of western flower thrips infesting French bean and tomato in Kenya

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (02) ◽  
pp. 114-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Mujuka ◽  
H. Affognon ◽  
B.W. Muriithi ◽  
S. Subramanian ◽  
P. Irungu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
French Bean ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Flower Thrips

AbstractThrips,Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande), is a major invasive pest that causes extensive yield losses in French bean and tomato in Kenya. Thrips management is based on the application of pesticides. In addition to increased environmental risks associated with pesticides, frequent use of these chemicals increases production costs and pesticide resistance. Furthermore, exports are restricted due to non-compliance to maximum residue levels in important consumer export markets, especially the European Union (EU). This study was conducted to estimate the potential benefits of the effectiveness of theicipe-developed strategy for control of western flower thrips before dissemination of the technology in Kenya, using the economic surplus model. We calculated the benefit–cost ratio, the Net Present Value (NPV) and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) using Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA). Assuming a maximum conservative adoption rate of 1% and a 10% discount rate for the base deterministic scenario, the NPV of the research was estimated at US$2.2 million, with an IRR of 23% and a BCR of 2.46. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the NPV, IRR and BCR increased at an increasing rate as adoption rates increased. However, as elasticities of supply and demand increased, the NPV, IRR and BCR increased at a decreasing rate. The findings demonstrate that farmers from developing countries can gain when they obtain access to suitable pest management innovations such as integrated pest management technologies. Consequently, investment in IPM technologies for suppression of western flower thrips should be enhanced.

scholarly journals Two-year Grower Survey of Western Flower Thrips and Tospovirus Incidence and Management in Maine Greenhouses

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 569e-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A. Stack ◽  
L.B. Stack ◽  
F.A. Drummond
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Greenhouse Growers ◽  
Grower Survey

A mail survey of greenhouse growers was conducted in 1994 and 1995 to determine the presence and importance of western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, in Maine greenhouses in growing years 1993 and 1994. Respondents were licensed growers with at least 1000 ft2 (93 m2) of greenhouse growing area. The survey objectives were to develop a grower demographic profile; determine the incidence of WFT and two WFT-vectored plant viruses, tomato spotted wilt (TSWV) and impatiens necrotic spot (INSV); and identify current WFT management strategies. The survey shows that Maine greenhouse growers are seasonal, experienced and retail oriented. Their growing area averages less than 10,000 ft2 (929 m2) and they produce a diverse crop mix and choose to import production stock as much as propagate it themselves. Both WFT and TSWV/INSV have increased in severity in Maine greenhouses over the past 10 years. Larger, year-round greenhouses are more likely to experience infestations of WFT and higher virus incidence. An integrated pest management (IPM) strategy is employed by the majority of growers surveyed. Insecticide application is the primary tactic used to control WFT. Fewer than 4% of the growers use natural enemies to control thrips. However, 63% responded that future research in pest management should focus on biological control.

Effect of Imidacloprid on Settling Behavior of Frankliniella occidentalis and Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Tomato and Peanut

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
Vector Management ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Tobacco Thrips ◽  
Settling Behavior ◽  
Systemic Application

The effect of a systemic application of imidacloprid (Admire 2F®) on the settling of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (western flower thrips) and Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (tobacco thrips) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was studied with leaf-choice tests in peanut and tomato. Settling behavior of F. occidentalis was significantly increased (by 48%) in peanut, but was not affected in tomato with a systemic application of imidacloprid by soil drench. Settling of F. fusca was significantly reduced by the same imidacloprid treatment in tomato (by 32%), but not in peanut. These results indicate that at-planting soil-applied imidacloprid in the field can increase the presence of flower thrips (F. occidentalis) in peanut, but decrease foliage thrips (F. fusca) in tomato. Thus, where early-season transmission of virus by F fusca is a primary concern in tomato, imidacloprid could provide some benefit in thrips vector management by reducing the amount of thrips settling on leaves.

Pupation behaviour of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on potted chrysanthemum

2003 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 741-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bruce Broadbent ◽  
Marc Rhainds ◽  
Les Shipp ◽  
Graeme Murphy ◽  
Lana Wainman
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Ornamental Crops ◽  
Greenhouse Vegetable

Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a serious pest of greenhouse vegetable and ornamental crops across Canada (Broadbent et al. 1987). Upon completing larval development, F. occidentalis either pupates on their host plant or drops to the ground before pupation occurs (Lewis 1973). Because several soil-dwellers prey on or infect F. occidentalis pupae (Gillespie and Quiring 1990; Helyer et al. 1995), assessing the proportion of individuals that pupate on the ground is of critical importance for developing pest management strategies. The present study provides the first quantitative assessment of the pupation behaviour of F. occidentalis.

scholarly journals Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): Evaluation of Potential Attraction to Vanilla Extract under Laboratory and Greenhouse Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 525-529
Author(s):  
Nathan J. Herrick ◽  
Raymond A. Cloyd
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Choice Experiments ◽  
Sticky Traps ◽  
Insect Attractants ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Whole Plants

Plant-derived essential oils or extracts and their associated volatiles can serve as insect attractants to enhance adult captures when used as whole plants or extracts that are incorporated onto colored sticky traps. In our study, we initially assessed the attractiveness of western flower thrips (WFT) (Frankliniella occidentalis) adults to vanilla extract in the laboratory using choice and no-choice experiments by comparing one (0.05 mL) and two (0.10 mL) drops of vanilla extract (0.029% and 0.059%, respectively). In the choice experiments, a drop of water and drop of vanilla extract were placed on opposite sides of a petri dish. One WFT was placed in the center of the petri dish, and observations were made on whether there was preferential movement to the water or vanilla extract. For the no-choice experiments, one petri dish only contained a drop of water, whereas another petri dish only contained a drop of vanilla extract. One WFT was placed into each petri dish and movement was observed to assess whether the WFT moved toward the water or to the vanilla extract. We then determined if yellow sticky cards containing vanilla extract were more attractive to WFT adults than those with water, by using the number of adults captured on yellow sticky cards as an estimate under greenhouse conditions. Western flower thrips adults were not attracted to vanilla extract based on the results associated with the choice and no-choice tests conducted under laboratory conditions with no differences in selection between vanilla extract and water. In addition, there was no evidence that inoculating yellow sticky cards with vanilla extract enhanced the number of adults captured on yellow sticky cards. Overall, the use of vanilla extract in attracting WFT adults to yellow sticky cards is not justifiable under the parameters of our study.

scholarly journals Morphological and Chemical Factors Related to Western Flower Thrips Resistance in the Ornamental Gladiolus

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1384
Author(s):  
Dinar S. C. Wahyuni ◽  
Young Hae Choi ◽  
Kirsten A. Leiss ◽  
Peter G. L. Klinkhamer
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Host Plant Resistance ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Triterpenoid Saponins ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Highly Correlated

Understanding the mechanisms involved in host plant resistance opens the way for improved resistance breeding programs by using the traits involved as markers. Pest management is a major problem in cultivation of ornamentals. Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus L.) is an economically important ornamental in the Netherlands. Gladiolus is especially sensitive to attack by western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera:Thripidae)). The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate morphological and chemical markers for resistance breeding to western flower thrips in Gladiolus varieties. We measured thrips damage of 14 Gladiolus varieties in a whole-plant thrips bioassay and related this to morphological traits with a focus on papillae density. Moreover, we studied chemical host plant resistance to using an eco-metabolomic approach comparing the 1H NMR profiles of thrips resistant and susceptible varieties representing a broad range of papillae densities. Thrips damage varied strongly among varieties: the most susceptible variety showed 130 times more damage than the most resistant one. Varieties with low thrips damage had shorter mesophylls and epidermal cells, as well as a higher density of epicuticular papillae. All three traits related to thrips damage were highly correlated with each other. We observed a number of metabolites related to resistance against thrips: two unidentified triterpenoid saponins and the amino acids alanine and threonine. All these compounds were highly correlated amongst each other as well as to the density of papillae. These correlations suggest that papillae are involved in resistance to thrips by producing and/or storing compounds causing thrips resistance. Although it is not possible to distinguish the individual effects of morphological and chemical traits statistically, our results show that papillae density is an easy marker in Gladiolus-breeding programs targeted at increased resistance to thrips.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document