scholarly journals Olfactory cues are more effective than visual cues in experimentally triggering autobiographical memories

Memory ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maaike J. de Bruijn ◽  
Michael Bender
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Autobiographical Memories

scholarly journals Food Avoidance Learning in Squirrel Monkeys and Common Marmosets

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-203
Author(s):  
Matthias Laska ◽  
Karin Metzker
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Learning ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Food Avoidance ◽  
Robust Learning ◽  
Olfactory Cue ◽  
Potential Food

Using a conditioned food avoidance learning paradigm, six squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and six common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were tested for their ability to (1) reliably form associations between visual or olfactory cues of a potential food and its palatability and (2) remember such associations over prolonged periods of time. We found (1) that at the group level both species showed one-trial learning with the visual cues color and shape, whereas only the marmosets were able to do so with the olfactory cue, (2) that all individuals from both species learned to reliably avoid the unpalatable food items within 10 trials, (3) a tendency in both species for quicker acquisition of the association with the visual cues compared with the olfactory cue, (4) a tendency for quicker acquisition and higher reliability of the aversion by the marmosets compared with the squirrel monkeys, and (5) that all individuals from both species were able to reliably remember the significance of the visual cues, color and shape, even after 4 months, whereas only the marmosets showed retention of the significance of the olfactory cues for up to 4 weeks. Furthermore, the results suggest that in both species tested, illness is not a necessary prerequisite for food avoidance learning but that the presumably innate rejection responses toward highly concentrated but nontoxic bitter and sour tastants are sufficient to induce robust learning and retention.

Smelling home: a good solution for burrow-finding in nocturnal petrels?

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (16) ◽  
pp. 2519-2523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Bonadonna ◽  
Vincent Bretagnolle
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory System ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Zinc Sulphate ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Nocturnal Activity ◽  
Complete Darkness ◽  
Visual Guidance ◽  
Nest Recognition ◽  
Return Home ◽  
Nesting Habits

SUMMARY Many burrowing petrels are able to return to their nests in complete darkness. The well-developed anatomy of their olfactory system and the attraction that food-related odour cues have for some petrel species suggest that olfaction may be used to recognize the burrow. In contrast,surface-nesting petrels may rely on visual cues to recognise their nest. We performed experiments on nine species of petrel (with different nesting habits) rendered anosmic either by plugging the nostrils or by injecting zinc sulphate onto the nasal epithelium. Compared with shamtreated control birds,we found that anosmia impaired nest recognition only in species that nest in burrows and that return home in darkness. Therefore, petrels showing nocturnal activity on land may rely on their sense of smell to find their burrows, while petrels showing diurnal activity or surface nesters may disregard olfactory cues in favour of visual guidance.

scholarly journals Behavioral Responses of Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) to Visual and Olfactory Cues at Short Distances

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyun Ren ◽  
Shengyong Wu ◽  
Zhenlong Xing ◽  
Ruirui Xu ◽  
Wanzhi Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Capture Rate ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Flower Shape ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Choice Tests

Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a highly invasive pest, infesting many species of plants worldwide, but few studies have investigated the visual and olfactory cues associated with their foraging behaviors. In this study, the distance traveled by WFT to locate yellow cards using only visual cues and visual cues plus olfactory cues was studied first. Subsequently, preferences for colors (white, red, green, purple, yellow and blue) and patterns (triangle, rectangle, circle and flower-shape) over short distances were assessed with free-choice tests. Finally, as yellow was the most efficient color to catch WFT under laboratory conditions, the yellow flower-shape was used as the visual cue, and preferences between visual and olfactory cues were evaluated with dual choice tests. The results showed that the capture rate of WFT by visual cues decreased as selection distance increased, however capture rate remained higher with the addition of olfactory cues. The flower shape attracted the greatest number of WFT among all shapes tested. The combination of visual cues and extracted volatiles from flowering Medicago sativa L. attracted higher numbers of WFT than to the olfactory cues alone, however these were similar to visual cues alone. The presence of olfactory cues resulted in higher residence times by WFT than did the absence of olfactory cues. These results show the relative effects of visual and olfactory cues on the orientation of WFT to hosts and highlight that visual cues dominate selection behavior at short distances. These findings can be used in the development of efficient trapping products and management strategies for thrips.

The influence of mutual maternal and neonatal recognition on the foster mothering techniques in pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-151
Author(s):  
S. O. Aro ◽  
O. Olowofeso ◽  
J. O. Agbede
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
A Value

Mutual maternal and neonatal recognition vis-à-vis four foster mothering techniques were investigated using 32 sows and 128 neonate piglets in a four-week trial. The sows and the neonates were assigned into four foster mothering techniques designated as: Neonates rubbed with an odoriferous chemical and grafted during the day (NRD); neonates without the chemical treatment Cul grafted during the day (NWD); neonates rubbed with the chemical and grafted during the righi (NRN) and neonates without the chemical treatment but grafted during the night (NWN). These four techniques were tested on four sets of sows comprising eight sows per set and four corresponding years of neunuce pigs currprising tirer-ko noonate pigs per set on four different post-partum days (i.e. day 1 to 4 following farrowing). Total acceptance of the dam by the neonate gave a value of 54 with the probability of acceptance of 0.42, while total acceptance of the neonate by the dam was 86 with a probability of acceptance of 0.67. Total rejection and probability of rejection of the dam by the neonates were 74 and 0.58 with values of 42 and 0.33 for total rejection and probability of rejection of the neonates by the dam, respectively. The dams gave a higher percentage acceptance than the neonates while the neonates gave a higher percentage of rejection than the dam. Grafting within the first two days of life would hold a better fostering success on the part of the neonate as they showed more dependence on auditory and visual cues whose acuity may not have been well-developed within these first two days of life while the acceptance of the neonates by the dam could be enhanced by chemical masking of the olfactory cues, which the dam utilizes most for the recognition of her offspring. 

scholarly journals Modality-specific attention in foraging bumblebees

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 150324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivek Nityananda ◽  
Lars Chittka
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Bombus Terrestris ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Attentional Demands ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Crossmodal Attention ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Multiple Tasks ◽  
Set Up

Attentional demands can prevent humans and other animals from performing multiple tasks simultaneously. Some studies, however, show that tasks presented in different sensory modalities (e.g. visual and auditory) can be processed simultaneously. This suggests that, at least in these cases, attention might be modality-specific and divided differently between tasks when present in the same modality compared with different modalities. We investigated this possibility in bumblebees ( Bombus terrestris ) using a biologically relevant experimental set-up where they had to simultaneously choose more rewarding flowers and avoid simulated predatory attacks by robotic ‘spiders’. We found that when the tasks had to be performed using visual cues alone, bees failed to perform both tasks simultaneously. However, when highly rewarding flowers were indicated by olfactory cues and predators were indicated by visual cues, bees managed to perform both tasks successfully. Our results thus provide evidence for modality-specific attention in foraging bees and establish a novel framework for future studies of crossmodal attention in ecologically realistic settings.

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