The Lawless Demand of Judgements of Taste: Response to Dunn

R. Kathleen Harbin

doi:10.1017/s0012217320000335

The Lawless Demand of Judgements of Taste: Response to Dunn

Dialogue ◽

10.1017/s0012217320000335 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 59 (4) ◽

pp. 621-626

Author(s):

R. Kathleen Harbin

Keyword(s):

Taste Response

ABSTRACTI respond to Dunn's claim that aesthetic judgements must be normative for Kant by (I) clarifying my position: it is not the case that on my account the strength of the feeling of pleasure implies that others should agree with my judgement; instead, the disinterestedness of the feeling is the basis for agreement, (II) arguing against the claim that Kant's broader system requires normative judgements of taste, and (III) arguing against the suggestion that any operation of a faculty in accordance with a principle is normative.

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Overlapping Representation of Basic Tastes in the Human Gustatory Cortex

10.1101/2021.10.31.466657 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Du Zhang ◽

Xiaoxiao Wang ◽

Yanming Wang ◽

Benedictor Alexander Nguchu ◽

Zhoufang Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fundamental Property ◽

Insular Cortex ◽

Taste Preference ◽

Topological Representation ◽

Activation Patterns ◽

Gustatory Cortex ◽

Taste Response ◽

Neural Activities ◽

Sensory Cortices ◽

Multivariate Pattern

The topological representation is a fundamental property of human primary sensory cortices. The human gustatory cortex (GC) responds to the five basic tastes: bitter, salty, sweet, umami, and sour. However, the topological representation of the human gustatory cortex remains controversial. Through functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) measurements of human responses to the five basic tastes, the current study aimed to delineate the taste representations within the GC. During the scanning, the volunteers tasted solutions of the five basic tastes, then washed their mouths with the tasteless solution. The solutions were then sucked from the volunteers' mouths, eliminating the action of swallowing. The results showed that the bilateral mid-insula activated most during the taste task, and the active areas were mainly in the precentral and central insular sulcus. However, the regions responding to the five basic tastes are substantially overlapped, and the analysis of contrasts between each taste response and the averaged response to the remaining tastes does not report any significant results. Furthermore, in the gustatory insular cortex, the multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) was unable to distinguish the activation patterns of the basic tastes, suggesting the possibility of weakly clustered distribution of the taste-preference neural activities in the human insular cortex. In conclusion, the presented results suggest overlapping representations of the basic tastes in the human gustatory insular cortex.

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An inhibitor of sweet taste response inhibits glucose-induced insulin release

Biomedical Research ◽

10.2220/biomedres.10.169 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 169-172 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

ATSUSHI NIKI ◽

HATSUMI NIKI ◽

TOSHIKI HASHIOKA

Keyword(s):

Sweet Taste ◽

Taste Response

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Predators’ consumption of unpalatable prey does not vary as a function of bitter taste perception

Behavioral Ecology ◽

10.1093/beheco/arz199 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 383-392 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Liisa Hämäläinen ◽

Johanna Mappes ◽

Rose Thorogood ◽

Janne K Valkonen ◽

Kaijamari Karttunen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Condition ◽

Bitter Taste ◽

Random Sequence ◽

Parus Major ◽

Taste Perception ◽

Response Threshold ◽

Adult Males ◽

Taste Response ◽

Energetic State ◽

Prey Defenses

Abstract Many prey species contain defensive chemicals that are described as tasting bitter. Bitter taste perception is, therefore, assumed to be important when predators are learning about prey defenses. However, it is not known how individuals differ in their response to bitter taste, and how this influences their foraging decisions. We conducted taste perception assays in which wild-caught great tits (Parus major) were given water with increasing concentrations of bitter-tasting chloroquine diphosphate until they showed an aversive response to bitter taste. This response threshold was found to vary considerably among individuals, ranging from chloroquine concentrations of 0.01 mmol/L to 8 mmol/L. We next investigated whether the response threshold influenced the consumption of defended prey during avoidance learning by presenting birds with novel palatable and defended prey in a random sequence until they refused to attack defended prey. We predicted that individuals with taste response thresholds at lower concentrations would consume fewer defended prey before rejecting them, but found that the response threshold had no effect on the birds’ foraging choices. Instead, willingness to consume defended prey was influenced by the birds’ body condition. This effect was age- and sex-dependent, with adult males attacking more of the defended prey when their body condition was poor, whereas body condition did not have an effect on the foraging choices of juveniles and females. Together, our results suggest that even though taste perception might be important for recognizing prey toxicity, other factors, such as predators’ energetic state, drive the decisions to consume chemically defended prey.

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Equine feeding side preference – incidence and age effect

BSAP Occasional Publication ◽

10.1017/s0263967x00041537 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 223-225

Author(s):

S H Bottom ◽

H Owen ◽

R E Lawson ◽

P A Harris ◽

S Hall

Keyword(s):

Food Preference ◽

Age Groups ◽

Age Effect ◽

Preference Testing ◽

Choice Preference ◽

Taste Response ◽

Minute Period ◽

Side Preference ◽

Left And Right

Two choice preference testing is used in animals to determine food preference or taste response (Nicol, 1997). This relies upon selection from a theoretical mean of 0.5, if no preference is shown. The aims of this study were two fold: to measure the incidence of side preference in the horse when given the choice of two identical feeds; and to assess the influence of age on side preference.18 TB x horses were used in this study. Six horses were allocated to each of the age groups; young (2-4 years), middle (8-14 years) and old (over 16 years). All horses were housed in stables of identical design. 1.5kg DM of basal feed was offered in two containers, positioned left and right, for a ten–minute period over nine days. All spillages were collected and recorded. Intake was calculated as the (amount of feed offered – amount of feed remaining – 0.5x the Spillage).

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Gustatory responses of neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract of behaving rats

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1991.66.4.1232 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 1232-1248 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

K. Nakamura ◽

R. Norgren

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Dimensional Space ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

Stimulus Category ◽

Solitary Tract ◽

Spontaneous Rate ◽

Taste Response ◽

The Mean ◽

Excitatory Responses ◽

Gustatory Neurons

1. The activity of 117 single neurons was recorded in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and tested with each of four standard chemical stimuli [sucrose, NaCl, citric acid, and quinine HCl (QHCl)] and distilled water in awake, behaving rats. In 101 of these neurons, at least one sapid stimulus elicited a significant taste response. The mean spontaneous rate of the taste neurons was 4.1 +/- 5.8 (SD) spike/s. The mean response magnitudes were as follows: sucrose, 10.6 +/- 11.7; NaCl, 8.6 +/- 14.6; citric acid, 6.2 +/- 7.8; and QHCl, 2.4 +/- 6.6 spikes/s. 2. On the basis of their largest response, 42 taste neurons were classified as sucrose-best, 25 as NaCl-best, 30 as citric acid-best, and 4 as QHCl-best. The mean spontaneous rates for these categories were 4.9 +/- 6.2 for sucrose-best cells, 5.8 +/- 7.4 for NaCl-best, 1.6 +/- 2.0 for citric acid-best, and 5.8 +/- 6.0 spikes/s for QHCl-best. The spontaneous rate of the citric acid-best neurons was significantly lower than that of the other categories. 3. At the standard concentrations, 45 taste cells (44.6%) responded significantly to only one of the gustatory stimuli. Of the 30 acid-best neurons, 23 (76.7%) responded only to citric acid. For sucrose-best cells, specific sensitivity was less common (18/42, 42.9%), and for NaCl-best neurons, it was relatively uncommon (3/25, 12%). One of the 4 QHCl-best neurons was specific. In a concentration series, more than one-half of the 19 specific neurons tested responded to only one chemical at any strength. 4. The mean entropy for the excitatory responses of all gustatory neurons was 0.60. Citric acid-best cells showed the least breadth of responsiveness (0.49), sucrose-best cells were somewhat broader (0.56), but NaCl-best and QHCl-best cells were considerably less selective (0.77 and 0.79, respectively). Inhibition was observed infrequently and never reached the criterion for significance. 5. In the hierarchical cluster analysis, the four largest clusters segregated neurons primarily by best-stimulus category. The major exception to this was a group of sucrose-best neurons that also responded to NaCl and were grouped with the NaCl-best neurons. In a two-dimensional space, the specific taste neurons, those that responded to only one of the four standard sapid stimuli, remained in well-separated groups. These specific groups, however, were joined in a ring-like formation by other neurons that responded to more than one of the sapid stimuli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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