The Scottish Franchise: Lobbying during the Cromwellian Protectorate

1978 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-42
Author(s):  
Ellen D. Goldwater
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Church History ◽  
Presbyterian Church ◽  
Council Of State ◽  
Secular Politics

Scholars whose speciality is Scottish church history have long been aware that in 1657 members of two factions of the Scottish Presbyterian church came to London to debate before the Lord Protector the method of selecting ministers for Scottish parishes, but these historians have overlooked some of the Scots' other activities. A close look at parliamentary happenings reveals that these men, Resolutioners and Remonstrants, were also deeply involved in secular politics. Their disagreements were not confined to church matters, for during their stay these groups lobbied vigorously both in parliament and in the council of state, taking opposing positions as to what should be the qualifications for voting in Scotland. In this country, most Scots had been disenfranchised since the conclusion of the Civil War and their defeat at the hands of Cromwell's soldiers. The problem to be resolved was which and how many past adherents of the Stuart cause in Scotland should now be allowed to vote and hold office.

Charles I's Flight to the Scots

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-223
Author(s):  
Lawrence Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Final Outcome ◽  
Presbyterian Church ◽  
The Subject

One of the most dramatic events of the entire Civil War occurred on May 5, 1646, when the English King unceremoniously appeared in the camp of the Covenanting army. Although not unexpected, despite Scottish protestations to the contrary, this bold move could conceivably have transformed the war's character. That it had so little impact on the final outcome resulted not from the high hopes of the participants, Scots, Royalists, and French, but from inadequate planning and the failure to realistically anticipate consequences. Before very long the recognition that Charles' flight to the Scots was a massive blunder for all those involved became embarrassingly evident. The King was to be held virtual prisoner by the Covenanters, yet the Scots would gain little from their prize possession. How it came about that these two parties participated in such an act of desperation is the subject of this essay.The Covenanters' willingness in 1646 to resort to extreme measures resulted from the recognition that their position in England had seriously deteriorated. They had originally intervened in the Civil War on the side of Parliament because they feared that a triumph for Royalism would provide the King with another chance to impose a settlement on Scotland. It was hoped in Edinburgh that the favorable resolution of the conflict, which their highly regarded army was sure to bring, would allow the Scots to shape the terms of the peace, and ultimately to play a permanent role in English affairs. Of great importance to the Kirk was the establishment in England of a Presbyterian church similar to their own model. Here too, Scottish ministers, with their greater experience, would exert an ongoing influence in England.

Viewing the Scaffold from Istanbul: The Bendysh-Hyde Affair, 1647–1651

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Charles Fissel ◽  
Daniel Goffman
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
Charles I ◽  
Company Directors ◽  
Council Of State

Slightly more than two years after the decapitation of Charles I, the Commonwealth of England inflicted the same punishment on the same block against his follower, Sir Henry Hyde. The failure to reach a settlement in the aftermath of the British civil war led to the king's beheading. Explaining Hyde's execution, however, requires a geographically broader context, for Sir Henry undertook his treasonable activities against the overseas interests of the English Commonwealth and Sir Thomas Bendysh, who had served as English ambassador in Istanbul since 1647, when he assumed the role of protector of English merchants. Although Bendysh later quarreled with his charges, the unexpected appearance of Henry Hyde in Istanbul in 1650 rallied the merchants behind him, for Hyde represented to them a return to the recent past, with its governmental interference and royal regulation of commercial activity. His presence also forced merchants to choose sides, thereby transposing upon Levantine commerce the divisions that had emerged during the civil war. Just as most Company members supported Parliament, so did their factors in the Levant back Bendysh, a known quantity, a clever negotiator, and a pragmatist. In his brief tenure, Bendysh had proven his ability to strike bargains with the Ottomans and stimulate commerce. He also personified the interests of the Council of State and the Levant Company directors, thereby linking the disparate but inter-dependent network of Levantine commerce.

FROM REVOLUTIONARIES TO MUSLIMS: LIMINAL BECOMINGS ACROSS PALESTINIAN GENERATIONS IN DENMARK

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Kublitz
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Lebanese Civil War ◽  
Generational Changes ◽  
Secular Politics ◽  
The Revolution

AbstractExploring generational changes and continuities among Palestinian families in Denmark, this article investigates why the children of thefidāᵓīn(fighters) and many of thefidāᵓīnthemselves have turned their backs on secular politics and embraced Islam. The Palestinians who arrived in Denmark from Lebanon in the wake of the Lebanese Civil War were members of the Palestinian Liberation Organization and were known as the generation of the revolution (jīl al-thawra). Extending Karl Mannheim's approach to generations, I argue that in order to explain the transition among Palestinians in Denmark from revolutionaries to Muslims we can rely on neither genealogy nor historical context alone, but need to pay equal attention to the structural continuities that crosscut generations. I suggest that rather than conceive of revolutionaries and Muslims as oppositions, we should think of them as substitutions, as liminal becomings that are actualized across historical generations.

Contemporary Historian

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Thomas Hobbes ◽  
Church History ◽  
British History ◽  
Charles I ◽  
Civil War Era

Fuller’s Church-History reflects his own experiences of revolution. Its last part is one of the earliest accounts of the Civil War era, antedating accounts by Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon, and Thomas Hobbes. He begins with divisions in the English Church during Queen Elizabeth’s reign and proceeds with events in his own lifetime, especially in the reign of Charles I. He sees the Caroline political and ecclesiastical regime, especially the role of Archbishop Laud, as having alienated many nonconformists, as well as provoking the Scots to attack. The trial and execution of King Charles following the defeat of the royalist cause is somber. The Church-History cites reasons for the regime’s failure that have often been overlooked. Responses to the work by Peter Heylyn were followed by Fuller’s detailed, anguished, and determined reply. Fuller’s contemporary analysis of one the great upheavals in British history is a striking account of what happened and why.

A Short History of the Presbyterian Church among the Mountain Tribes in Taiwan

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Lien-min Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Church History ◽  
Short History ◽  
Presbyterian Church ◽  
Association Of Theological Schools ◽  
Theological Schools ◽  
Protestant Christianity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Study Institute ◽  
Theological Study ◽  
Centennial Celebrations

The author of this article is Professor of Church History at Taiwan Theological College, Taipei, Taiwan. The paper was prepared originally for the Fifth Theological Study Institute of the Association of Theological Schools in South-East Asia., held in Singapore in 1963. It has been revised and up-dated for this publication of it. We think it particularly significant that this article should appear in print just prior to the Centennial celebrations of the introduction of Protestant Christianity into Taiwan. The celebrations will be held in Taiwan in June 1965.

“Mediating Modernism”: Charles Briggs, Catholic Modernism, and an Ecumenical “Plot”

1988 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-430
Author(s):  
Mark S. Massa
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Gilded Age ◽  
Church History ◽  
Theological Seminary ◽  
Presbyterian Church ◽  
Church Courts ◽  
Higher Criticism ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Union Theological Seminary ◽  
Critical Methods

Historians of religion in America, as enamored of marking “watersheds” in our culture as other scholars, have long used the famous “Briggs Case” as an event for marking that cultural moment when American mainline Protestants, mostly kicking and screaming, began to confront officially the higher criticism of the Bible. Charles Augustus Briggs, as students of Gilded Age religion know well, was a professor of scripture at New York's Union Theological Seminary who, between 1891 and 1893, underwent a peripatetic heresy trial in various Presbyterian church courts—“the most notorious event in 19th century American church history,” as one of its chroniclers has described it—for advocating the application of modern historical-critical methods to the biblical record.

Churches in the Alabama Black Belt 1875–1917

1954 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn N. Sisk
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
World War I ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Local Church ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Church History ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
Black Belt ◽  
World War ◽  
Modern Period

This is a segment of local church history in the South in the transition period from the Civil War and Reconstruction to the modern period of World War I. The cross section described here was no doubt typical of most of the deep Southern region with the exception of such areas as the Catholic district of Louisiana. The manner in which the Baptists and Methodists had catered to pioneer needs in furnishing a highly emotional religion without the requirement of an educated clergy certainly contributed to their large memberships in the period covered here.

Scotland, Ireland and the English Civil War

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-130
Author(s):  
Charles L. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
English Civil War ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
The Political ◽  
Presbyterian Church ◽  
Charles I ◽  
Scottish Parliament ◽  
Northern Kingdom ◽  
The Church ◽  
Church Government

Historical orthodoxy has long recognized the fervent belief of the Scottish Covenanters that their successful revolution against Charles I “stood or fell” with that of their brethren in England. Although by the end of 1641 the Godly Party in the northern kingdom had temporarily destroyed the foundations of Stuart government, many of the King's Scottish opponents no more trusted Charles to accept a permanent curtailment of his power than did their English counterparts. Should the King triumph over his enemies in London, it was assumed that backed by the power of a still episcopal England he would quickly attack the revived presbyterian establishment in Scotland. Concurrently, the political revolution—completed in the Scottish Parliament in 1641—would also be reversed, for the connection betweeen the leading Covenanting politicians, led by the Marquis of Argyll, and the reformed Kirk was very close. It should be remembered that while the clerical estate was abolished in the Scottish Parliament, laymen could sit in the General Assembly and participate in the most important decisions of the Church. Indeed, the aristocratic element in the Glasgow Assembly was large and the meeting's attack on episcopacy and the five articles of Perth may in fact have reflected lay opinion more than clerical. Caroline bishops, favored in Scotland as well as in England for high political positions, were unpopular with the Covenanting nobility for whom presbyterian church government not only restored God's True Kirk but also eliminated dangerous secular rivals. To undermine presbyterianism would, therefore, remove much of the strength from the political hand which Argyll had so shrewdly played since allying with the Covenanters in the Glasgow Assembly.

The Protestant Quest For a Christian America 1830–1930

1953 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Handy
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Religious History ◽  
Church History ◽  
American Christianity ◽  
Intensive Research ◽  
Sharp Focus ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Total Life ◽  
The Way

American Christianity is so diversified and confusing and its material is of such vast extent that the scholars who have worked at the broader aspects of its history have had to bring to their study certain interpretative theses in order to find their way through the material at all. These interpretative theses, some implicitly held and others explicitly stated, some relatively adequate and others fairly weak, have paved the way for a great deal of intensive research, so that the young discipline of American Church History has a solid and illuminating body of material. Out of the research thus far undertaken have sprung new themes of interpretation, so that what may be called an “historiographical cycle” operates. This interaction of research and interpretation has functioned sufficiently well so that the overall picture of American Christian history grows steadily clearer. The process of clarification has, however, proceeded satisfactorily only to a point—to the Civil War. For the years since the Civil War, the picture has not yet come into sharp focus. The interpretative theses thus far proposed have had serious limitations, and as a result the historiographical cycle has not operated to best advantage. The excellent monographic studies that have been done remain therefore somewhat unrelated and leave us with a rather fragmentary understanding of religious history since 1865. Yet in these years occurred decisive developments which must be further probed and clarified if we are to understand more fully the contemporary American religious scene, now so important a part of the total life of the world church. To be sure most of the significant movements of the period have received some attention, but they can be fully understood and their significance grasped only as they are delineated as part of the total history of American Christianity with the interconnections traced and the polarities analyzed. More fruitful and better-directed monographic studies will follow from the setting forth of fresh and rounded themes of interpretation; the historiographical cycle will then operate to better advantage for this important period.

scholarly journals Church History and Church Polity in the Faculty of Theology at the University of Pretoria

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham A. Duncan ◽  
Johan Van der Merwe ◽  
Barry Van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Church History ◽  
Presbyterian Church ◽  
University Of Pretoria ◽  
Church Polity ◽  
The University

Theology has been an integral part of the University of Pretoria since its inception and Church History has been taught since the establishment of the Faculty of Theology in 1917. At that time, the Presbyterian Church of South Africa and the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika (NHK) were partners. The Presbyterian link with the Faculty ceased in 1933. From 1938 the Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk (NGK) joined the NHK and this remained the situation until 2002 when the Uniting Presbyterian Church of Southern Africa re-established its links with the Faculty. At the present time, the Department of Church History and Church Polity is staffed by representatives of all three partner churches.

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