The Cowrie Currencies of West Africa Part I

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Johnson
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Currency Area ◽  
The Cost

This part of the paper deals with the cowrie shells and their import into West Africa, and the cost of their transport in West Africa; with the cowrie currency area and its changes; with the oddities of cowrie arithmetic; and with the final decline of the cowrie currency. A second part will deal with the value of cowries at various times and places, and with cowrie economics.

scholarly journals The Black Man's Burden: The Cost of Colonization of French West Africa

2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise Huillery
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
French West Africa ◽  
West Africans ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Local Expenditures

Was colonization costly for France? Did French taxpayers contribute to colonies’ development? This article reveals that French West Africa's colonization took only 0.29 percent of French annual expenditures, including 0.24 percent for military and central administration and 0.05 percent for French West Africa's development. For West Africans, the contribution from French taxpayers was almost negligible: mainland France provided about 2 percent of French West Africa's revenue. In fact, colonization was a considerable burden for African taxpayers since French civil servants’ salaries absorbed a disproportionate share of local expenditures.

scholarly journals Rational Use of Fungicide Applications to Maximize Peanut Yield Under Foliar Disease Pressure in West Africa

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (11) ◽  
pp. 1203-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Waliyar ◽  
Moustapha Adamou ◽  
Aoua Traoré
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cercospora Arachidicola ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
Late Leaf Spot ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Disease Pressure

Foliar diseases caused by Cercospora arachidicola, Cercosporium personatum, and Puccinia arachidis are major constraints to peanut production in the world. Fungicides are among the most efficient available control methods. Field trials were conducted in 1991 and 1992 in Benin and Niger, West Africa, to evaluate the cost effectiveness of fungicide application timings and frequencies on four peanut cultivars. A combination of four timings (40, 55, 70, and 85 days after sowing) was scheduled. Early (causal organism, C. arachidicola) and late (caused by C. personatum) leaf spot were prevalent in both years, but late leaf spot was the more economically important disease as shown by high values of area under the disease progress curve. Application of fungicide reduced late leaf spot incidence and increased pod yield. Pod yield responded to an interaction of number and timing of fungicide applications. With appropriate timing two or three fungicide applications were enough to significantly increase pod yield. Properly timed fungicide sprays can result in substantial monetary gains for peanut farmers in West Africa.

scholarly journals Nigeria’s Hegemony in West Africa – Counting the Cost

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Offu Peter Omaamaka ◽  
Okechukwu Groupson-Paul
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals IX. Further observations on welwitschia

1909 ◽  
Vol 200 (262-273) ◽  
pp. 331-402 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
British Association ◽  
South West ◽  
South West Africa ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Made In

By the courtesy of His Excellency Herr von Lindequist and the Government of German South-West Africa, a second expedition to Damaraland was made in the summer of 1906-7. Welwitschia was found in flower at Welwitsch and in the neighbourhood of Haikamchab. The material which is the subject of this investigation was collected in these localities in January and February, 1907. The cost of the journey was defrayed by a grant from the British Association.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF DYNATRAP® DT160 AS AN INEXPENSIVE ALTERNATIVE TO CDC TRAPS FOR ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING IN MALI, WEST AFRICA

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Mohamed M. Traore
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Adult Mosquito ◽  
Trap Catch ◽  
Vector Ecology ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Monitoring Traps ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mosquito Monitoring

Mosquito monitoring traps (i.e., CDC light traps) are crucial tools for basic vector ecology research, risk assessment, and vector control programs. Unfortunately, they are expensive which is often an issue in projects conducted in developing countries. Therefore, it would be desirable to have reliable but inexpensive alternatives based on existing consumer products. We compared an off-the-shelf DynaTrap (model DT160, CCFL tube 365 ± 3 nm UV) modified to fit a CDC trap collection bag and to use a 12V power supply, with two commonly used CDC traps: CDC Miniature Light Trap Model 512 (incandescent light, 6 Volt) and CDC Miniature Downdraft Blacklight (UV) Trap Model 912 (4-Watt blue-black-light tube, 12 Volt), in different ecological settings in southwest (Kenieroba) and northwest (Nioro du Sahel) Mali, West Africa. In northwest Mali, the modified DynaTrap caught a mean of 20.67 ± 2.8 females and 5.38 ± 1.0 male Aedes aegypti which was 16.55% and 10.78% more, respectively, than the CDC incandescent trap (control). The DynaTrap caught a mean of 29.75 ± 2.8 female and 17.92 ± 3.5 male Culex quinquefasciatus. which was 47.76% and 20.70% more than the control CDC incandescent trap. The DynaTrap caught a mean of 2.46 ± 0.5 females and 1.63 ± 0.6 males and 10.16% and 2.45% more female and male An. gambiae s.l., respectively, than the CDC incandescent trap. Trap and catch means were lower at the southwest Mali site. However, trap catch proportions by sex were similar to those in the northwest. The modified DynaTrap outperformed both CDC monitoring traps for less than one third of the cost including the cost of the DynaTrap modifications.

scholarly journals A Search for an Optimum Currency Area Partners for Pakistan

2004 ◽  
Vol 43 (4II) ◽  
pp. 793-811
Author(s):  
Farooq Rasheed ◽  
Javed A. Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Real Exchange Rates ◽  
Optimum Currency Area ◽  
Common Currency ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Currency Area ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Dollar ◽  
Japanese Yen ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Optimum Currency

The Indian government has on several occasions advocated the idea that a common currency area be formed in the SAARC region. The response from other member countries has been somewhat lukewarm. They are unconvinced that the benefit of currency union establishment will outweigh the cost emanating from the abandonment of national monetary sovereignty. This paper seeks to empirically investigate the feasibility of a common currency area for Pakistan with each one of the following countries; India, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia and Sri Lanka. This empirical investigation involves estimation of the co-variation of the bilateral real exchange rates using the Japanese Yen and the US dollar as base currencies. Section 2 begins with an eclectic overview of the Optimum Currency Area (OCA) literature. Section 3 presents the estimation methodology, Section 4 discusses the findings and Section 5 concludes the analysis.

scholarly journals The Cost of Coastal Zone Degradation in West Africa

10.1596/31428 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lelia Croitoru ◽  
Juan José Miranda ◽  
Maria Sarraf
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Coastal Zone ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals Nigeria’s Hegemony in West Africa – Counting the Cost

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Offu Peter Omaamaka ◽  
Groupson-Paul Okechukwu
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
National Development ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
National Performance ◽  
Capital Development ◽  
Political Apathy ◽  
The Cost

The aim of this study is to examine Nigeria’s hegemony in West Africa and its implications on Nigeria’s national core development programmes. This is done via critical examination of some selected regional and national development indicators with a view to fi nd ways of improving the overall national performance as signifi cant contribution to regional development. On political impact, the study found that successive Nigerian governments were engrossed in unprecedented national corruption than development, diverting billions of dollars meant for national development in the guise of national security, regional peacekeeping, humanitarian intervention and socio-economic development of the sub region. The consequences of such political ineptitude were widespread: failed leadership, clientelism, rentierism, political apathy, escalating national insecurity, wide-spread poverty and unemployment and poor macroeconomic development. Overall, the study opines that Nigeria should shore up greater commitment and responsibility towards her national and human capital development, massively improve the infrastructure, reorientate both military and political elites to ensure integral national growth, overhaul her regional and foreign policy goals to meet her national interest goals as true catalyst for regional development.  

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