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2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin N. Nelson ◽  
Sarah Talarico ◽  
Shameer Poonja ◽  
Clinton J. McDaniel ◽  
Martin Cilnis ◽  
...  

Tuberculosis (TB) control programs use whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) for detecting and investigating TB case clusters. Existence of few genomic differences between Mtb isolates might indicate TB cases are the result of recent transmission. However, the variable and sometimes long duration of latent infection, combined with uncertainty in the Mtb mutation rate during latency, can complicate interpretation of WGS results. To estimate the association between infection duration and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) accumulation in the Mtb genome, we first analyzed pairwise SNP differences among TB cases from Los Angeles County, California, with strong epidemiologic links. We found that SNP distance alone was insufficient for concluding that cases are linked through recent transmission. Second, we describe a well-characterized cluster of TB cases in California to illustrate the role of genomic data in conclusions regarding recent transmission. Longer presumed latent periods were inconsistently associated with larger SNP differences. Our analyses suggest that WGS alone cannot be used to definitively determine that a case is attributable to recent transmission. Methods for integrating clinical, epidemiologic, and genomic data can guide conclusions regarding the likelihood of recent transmission, providing local public health practitioners with better tools for monitoring and investigating TB transmission.


Author(s):  
Natividad Algado-Sellés ◽  
Javier Mira-Bernabeu ◽  
Paula Gras-Valentí ◽  
Pablo Chico-Sánchez ◽  
Natali Juliet Jiménez-Sepúlveda ◽  
...  

Among healthcare-associated infections, surgical site infections (SSIs) are the most frequent in Spain. The aim of this work was to estimate the costs of SSIs in patients who underwent a cholecystectomy at the Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Spain) between 2012–2017. This was a prospective observational cohort study. The Active Epidemiological Surveillance Program at our hospital recorded all the cholecystectomies performed. Risk factors associated with the development of SSIs were determined by multivariate analysis and two homogeneous comparison groups were obtained by using the propensity score. The number of extra days of hospital stay were recorded for patients with an SSI and with the cost per hospitalised day data, the additional cost attributed to SSIs was calculated. A total of 2200 cholecystectomies were considered; 110 patients (5.0%) developed an SSI. The average length of hospital stay was 5.6 days longer among patients with an SSI. The cost per SSI was EUR 1890.60 per patient, with the total cost for this period being EUR 207,961.60. SSIs after cholecystectomy lead to a prolongation of hospital stay and an increase in economic costs. It is essential to implement infection surveillance and control programs to reduce SSIs, improve patient safety, and reduce economic burden.


Biology ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Juliana De Oliveira Mota ◽  
Pauline Kooh ◽  
Emmanuel Jaffrès ◽  
Hervé Prévost ◽  
Thomas Maignien ◽  
...  

Food safety is a constant challenge for stakeholders in the food industry. To manage the likelihood of microbiological contamination, food safety management systems must be robust, including food and environmental testing. Environmental monitoring programs (EMP) have emerged this last decade aiming to validate cleaning–sanitation procedures and other environmental pathogen control programs. The need to monitor production environments has become evident because of recent foodborne outbreaks. However, the boundaries of environmental monitoring are not only limited to the management of pathogens but also extend to spoilage and hygiene indicators, microorganisms, allergens, and other hygiene monitoring. Surfaces in production environments can be a source of contamination, either through ineffective cleaning and disinfection procedures or through contamination during production by flows or operators. This study analyses the current practices of 37 French agri-food industries (small, medium, or large), reporting their objectives for EMPs, microbial targets, types, numbers and frequency of sampling, analysis of results, and types of corrective actions.


2022 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amany M. Abd El Azim

Abstract Background Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are promising alternatives since they have many characteristics as a biological control agent against insect pests. Results Among indigenous EPN isolated, adapted to local environmental conditions by employing the Galleria baiting strategy, only one sample was positive for the presence of EPNs. The new isolate was identified at the species level using DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region and the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool search of GenBank showed that the isolate had a high similarity (99%) with that sequence available for Heterorhabditis taysearae. The pathogenicity of the EPN isolate was tested against the cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), using different concentrations (60, 90, 120 and 150 IJs/larvae). Data showed that 150 IJs/larvae caused 100% mortality rate, followed by 120 IJs/larvae (90%), while 60 IJs/larvae showed the lowest rate (60%) after 72 h. Conclusions The present study indicated that the native isolate of EPN could be recommended against S. littoralis as an efficient tool in its control programs.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Oleynik

Abstract. The paper considers the issue of optimizing the movement of an industrial robot used in additive manufacturing in the technology of direct metal deposition of parts. The developed mathematical model that takes into account the joint work of a six-axis robot manipulator and a two-axis positioner is described. The algorithm for calculating the motion based on the relative position of two adjacent points of the working tool trajectory relative to the rotary axis of the positioner with a given accuracy is described. The simulation of processing is carried out both when working only with the manipulator, and when working together with a two-axis positioner, and control programs with recalculated coordinates and rotation angles of the positioner are obtained.


Author(s):  
Chunsheng Cui ◽  
Baiqiu Li ◽  
Liu Wang

AbstractCOVID-19 has been wreaking havoc on the world for close to two years. As the virus continues to mutate, epidemic prevention and control has become a long and experienced war. In the face of the sudden spread of virus strains, how to quickly and effectively formulate prevention and control plans are essential to ensuring the safety and social stability of cities. This paper is based on the characteristics, namely, its persistence and the high transmissibility of mutated strains, as well as the database of epidemic prevention and control plans formed as part of the existing prevention and control measures. Then, epidemic prevention experts select effective alternatives from the program database and rank their preferences through the preliminary analysis of the local epidemic situation. The process of the integration scheme aims to minimize the differences in an effort to maximize the needs of the local epidemic. Once the consensus ranking of the scheme is obtained, the final prevention and control scheme can be determined. The proposed method of this paper can optimize the opinions of the epidemic prevention expert group and form a consensus decision, whilst also saving time by carrying out the work effectively, which is of certain practical significance to the prevention and control effect of local outbreaks.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Saraiva de Andrade Rodrigues ◽  
Eduardo Ferreira José Heise ◽  
Luis Felipe Hartmann ◽  
Guilherme Eduardo Rocha ◽  
Marcia Olandoski ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: Leprosy reactions (LR) are severe episodes of intense activation of the host inflammatory response, of uncertain etiology, today the leading cause of permanent nerve damage in leprosy patients. Several genetic and non-genetic risk factors for LR have been described; however, there are limited attempts to combine this information in order to estimate the risk of a leprosy patient to develop LR. Here we present an artificial intelligence (AI)-based system able to estimate risk of LR using clinical, demographic and genetic data.Methods: The study includes four datasets from different regions of Brazil, totalizing 1,450 leprosy patients followed prospectively for at least two years to assess the occurrence of LR. Data mining using WEKA software was performed following a two-step protocol to select the variables included in the AI system, based on Bayesian Networks and developed using the NETICA software.Results: Analysis of the complete database resulted in a system able to estimate LR-risk with 82.7% accuracy, 79.3% sensitivity, and 86.2% specificity. When using only databases for which host genetic information associated with LR was included, the performance increased to up to 87.7% accuracy, 85.7% sensitivity, and 89.4% specificity.Conclusion: We produced an easy-to-use, online, free-access system that allows the identification of leprosy patients at high risk of developing LR. Risk assessment of LR for individual patients may detect candidates close monitoring, with potential positive impact upon the prevention of permanent disabilities, the quality of life of the patients, as well as upon leprosy control programs.


2022 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ur Rahman ◽  
W. Khan ◽  
S. A. Mehmood ◽  
S. Ahmed ◽  
S. Yasmin ◽  
...  

Abstract Tapeworms of zoonotic importance have been described as a leading public health problem. Current research was aim to assess the prevalence of tapeworms among 5-12years school children residing in district Lower Dir, Pakistan from January 2019-December 2019. The wet mount preparation in saline/iodine/methods were used for stool examination. Data was analyzed using appropriate descriptive, static methods. Of the 400 children studied 71.7% were infected with one or more species of intestinal parasites. Single infection of cestode species was found in 69 individuals with 17.2% prevalence and multiple parasitic infections were identified in 19.7% (n=79/400) individuals. The multiple infection were comprised as 10% (n=40) double, 6.75% (n=27) triple and 3% (n=12) quadruple. A total of 9 species of helminths and one species of protozoan infection. Among the helminths Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent 33.1% (n=95), Taenia saginata 22.6% (n=65), hookworm 19.8% (n=57), Hymenolepis nana 18.8% (n=54), Enterobius vermicularis and Hymenolepis diminuta 1.39% (n=4each), Trichuris trichura 1.04% (n=3), Toxocara spp 0.69% (n=2) and Schistosoma japonicum 0.34% (n=1) were reported. One protozoan species was Cryptosporidium spp 0.69% (n=2) in current study. In case of A.lumbricoides, hookworm, E.vermicularis, T.trichura, T.saginata, H.nana and H.diminuta the male children of below 8 years of age were highly infected. Other infections are reported in the same prevalence with slight difference if any. We conclude that there is a need for mass scale campaigns to create awareness regarding health and hygiene in children and the need for development of effective poverty control programs because deworming alone is not adequate to control parasitic infections.


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