The characteristic signs and symptoms of mania and depression according to Kraepelin circa 1905: a comparison with DSM-III

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Kenneth S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Direct Link ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Involutional Melancholia ◽  
Symptoms And Signs ◽  
Historical Origins

Abstract Although the rise of operationalized diagnostic criteria and the creation of DSM-III were influenced in the USA by a neo-Kraepelinian ‘revival’ of interest in psychiatric nosology, Kraepelin was only a distal influence on the specific diagnostic criteria proposed. The historical origins of the DSM-III criteria for mania and major depression (MD) are traceable back to the 1950s and contain no direct link to Kraepelin's writings. George Dreyfus, a student and assistant to Kraepelin, authored in 1907 a monograph on Involutional Melancholia which reviewed cases seen by Kraepelin in Heidelberg. In this monograph, Dreyfus presents the ‘characteristic’ symptoms for mania and depression ‘as described by Kraepelin.’ This historical finding provides the unprecedented opportunity to examine the resemblance between the criteria proposed for mania and depression in DSM-III, inspired by Kraepelin's nosologic vision, and those specifically suggested by Kraepelin 73 years earlier. Kraepelin's symptoms and signs for mania paralleled seven of the eight DSM-III criteria (except the decreased need for sleep), with two not included in DSM-III (increased mental activity and short bursts of sadness). Kraepelin's signs and symptoms paralleled six of the nine DSM-III criteria for MD, lacking suicidal ideation and changes in appetite/weight and sleep but including obsessions, reduced expressive movements, and decreased mood responsiveness. Although Kraepelin's overall approach to mania and depression emphasized their close inter-relationship in the cyclic course of manic-depressive illness, it is noteworthy Kraepelin's ‘characteristic’ symptoms for mania and depression as described by Dreyfus, bear substantial but incomplete resemblance to the criteria proposed in DSM-III.

The genealogy of the clinical syndrome of mania: signs and symptoms described in psychiatric texts from 1880 to 1900

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 1573-1591 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Sexual Drive ◽  
Manic Symptoms ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Moral Standards ◽  
Psychological Medicine ◽  
Modern Form

AbstractIn 1800, mania was conceptualized as an agitated psychotic state. By 1900, it closely resembled its modern form. This paper reviews the descriptions of mania in Western psychiatry from 1880 to 1900, when Kraepelin was training and developing his concept of manic-depressive illness. Psychiatric textbooks published 1900–1960 described 22 characteristic manic symptoms/signs the presence of which were recorded in 25 psychiatric textbooks and three other key documents published 1880–1900. Descriptions of mania in these nineteenth century textbooks closely resembled those in the twentieth century, recording a mean (s.d.) of 15.9 (2.3) and 17.0 (2.3) of the characteristic symptoms, respectively (p= 0.12). The frequency with which individual symptoms were reported was substantially correlated in these two periods (r= +0.64). Mendel's 1881 monograph, Kraepelin's first description of mania in 1883 and the entry for mania in Tuke's Dictionary of Psychological Medicine (1892) described a mean (s.d.) of 19 (1.7) of these characteristic symptoms. These descriptions of mania often contained phenomenologically rich descriptions of euphoria, hyperactivity, grandiosity, flight of ideas, and poor judgment. They also emphasized several features not in DSM criteria including changes in character, moral standards and physical appearance, and increased sense of humor and sexual drive. Fifteen authors described key symptoms/signs of mania most reporting elevated mood, motoric hyperactivity and accelerated mental processes. By 1880, the syndrome of mania had been largely stabilized in its modern form. In the formation of his concept of manic-depressive illness, Kraepelin utilized the syndrome of mania as described in the psychiatric community in which he was trained.

Factitious Disorder in a Manic Patient: Case Report and Treatment Considerations

1986 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Lazarus
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Factitious Disorder ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Patient Case ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Treatment Considerations

A case of factitious disorder with physical symptoms is described in a patient with manic-depressive illness. The coexistence of factitious disorder and bipolar disorder has not been previously reported. Clinicians should search for an underlying affective disorder in patients who fabricate signs and symptoms of physical illness, since mania may simulate or contribute to the production of factitious behavior.

Diagnostic criteria of English, French, and German psychiatrists

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Kendell ◽  
Pierre Pichot ◽  
M. von Cranach
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Thought Disorder ◽  
Psychotic Depression ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Diagnostic Interviews ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Technical Terms

SYSNOPSISVideotape recordings were made of brief diagnostic interviews with 27 patients newly admitted to a psychiatric hospital in London and then shown to groups of English-speaking psychiatrists in London, Paris, and Munich. Comparison of the diagnoses made by these three audiences suggests that English, French, and German psychiatrists have similar concepts of schizophrenia, neurotic illness, personality disorder, and alcholism, but differ markedly in their concept of affective illness, particularly manic-depressive illness. English psychiatrists have much broader concepts of both neurotic and psychotic depression and of mania than the French, with German psychiatrists in an intermediate position. Important differences in the use of other technical terms like agitation, perplexity, and thought disorder also emerged. The ratings of the English and German audiences were closer to one another than either was to the French.

Affective Equivalents

1963 ◽  
Vol 109 (461) ◽  
pp. 464-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. da Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive Psychosis ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Involutional Melancholia ◽  
Progressive Enlargement

Since its first formulation, the concept of manic-depressive illness has been subject to successive modification and, on the whole, to progressive enlargement. It was Kraepelin, following on the attempts of Baillarger, Falret and Magnan, who grouped together all the various nosographic forms distinguished by isolated depressive or manic crises, periodic or alternating (and even the form designated as involutional melancholia), including them all under the sole class name of manic-depressive psychosis. The morbid entity thus defined was regarded as distinguished by the periodicity of the crises, each with a tendency towards social remission. Aetiologically the causation was seen as preponderantly hereditary.

Conditioning and Sensitisation in the Longitudinal Course of Affective Illness

1986 ◽  
Vol 149 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Post ◽  
David R. Rubinow ◽  
James C. Ballenger
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Longitudinal Course ◽  
Behavioural Sensitisation ◽  
Affective Illness ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Progressive Course

Few biological theories of manic-depressive illness have focused on the longitudinal course of affective dysfunction and the mechanisms underlying its often recurrent and progressive course. The authors discuss two models for the development of progressive behavioural dysfunction—behavioural sensitisation and electrophysiological kindling—as they provide clues to important clinical and biological variables relevant to sensitisation in affective illness. The role of environmental context and conditioning in mediating behavioural and biochemical aspects of this sensitisation is emphasised. The sensitisation models provide a conceptual approach to previously inexplicable clinical phenomena in the longitudinal course of affective illness and may provide a bridge between psychoanalytic/psychosocial and neurobiological formulations of manic-depressive illness.

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