Control of Canada Thistle and Field Bindweed in Asparagus

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 458-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Ogg
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Asparagus Officinalis ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Field Bindweed ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.] and field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensisL.) were controlled in asparagus (Asparagus officinalisL. ‘Mary Washington’) fields by repeated applications of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) at 0.6 kg/ha or 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] + dicamba at 1.1 + 0.3 or 1.1 + 0.6 kg/ha. Applications of 2,4-D + dicamba at 1.1 + 0.6 kg/ha in early May and again in mid-June controlled 97% of the Canada thistle in asparagus fields. A third application about August 1 was required to give similar control of field bindweed. Rates of dicamba exceeding 0.6 kg/ha injured the asparagus.

Environment and Herbicide Effects on Canada Thistle Ecotypes

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Hunter ◽  
Leon W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Herbicide Effects ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Root sections of seven Canada thistle(Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.) ecotypes were grown under 8, 12, 14, and 16-hr photoperiods at 16, 21, and 27 C. Flowering occurred in all ecotypes under a 16-hr photoperiod. At the 14-hr photoperiod five ecotypes flowered; flowering in three of them was temperature-dependent. Shoot and root development and plant height varied with ecotype. Both the root-to-shoot ratios and the number of shoot buds formed on the roots were inversely related to temperature and length of photoperiod. Herbicides tested for their effects on Canada thistle were 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba), and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D). Control of top growth increased with increasing temperature. Similarly, root control was maximum at 27 C, at which temperature there were few fleshy roots. Picloram, unlike 2,4-D and dicamba, caused little leaf damage but completely destroyed the root system.

The Response of Canada Thistle Ecotypes to 2,4-D, Amitrole, and Intensive Cultivation

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Resistance To Herbicides ◽  
Physiological Differences ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Root sections of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) ecotypes from different states were field planted at Bozeman, Montana. Canada thistle survival from repeated applications of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (amitrole) was markedly different. Ecotypes varied less markedly to cultivation although they differed significantly. Resistance of ecotypes to cultivation seemed related to adaptation to site while resistance to herbicides apparently was related to inherent physiological differences as well as to differences in adaptation.

Chemical Control of Canada Thistle

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Carson ◽  
J. D. Bandeen
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Field studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of one, two, and three annual applications of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino) −6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid], dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), and a three way mix of dicamba, mecoprop [2-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl) oxy]propionic acid], and 2,4-D at a ratio of 7:5:20 at different stages of development for the control of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.]. Two consecutive annual applications in all atrazine treatments achieved the same level of control as cultivation every 5 weeks. In the year of the last treatment, Canada thistle was controlled with two or more consecutive annual applications of the hormone-type herbicides (2,4-D, dicamba, and the three way mix); however, in the year following the last treatment, regrowth occurred.

Stomata Variations in Canada Thistle and Response to Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Hodgson ◽  
H. D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Stomatal Frequency ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Portal Of Entry ◽  
Herbicide Response

Canada thistle(Cirsium arvense(L) Scop.) includes many regional races that are heritable, distinct ecotypes. When cultured at Bozeman, Montana a group of these ecotypes varied in phenological, morphological, and anatomical characteristics. These ecotypes also responded differently to (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) and 3-amino-s-triazole (amitrole). Stomatal frequency and area on leaves also differed among ecotypes studied. Although stomatal frequency and stomatal area differed among the ecotypes studied, there was no correlation with herbicide response. Apparently, stomata were not a significant portal of entry of 2,4-D into the upper surface of Canada thistle leaves.

Field Bindweed(Convolvulus arvensis)Control in Corn(Zea mays)and Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor)with Dicamba and 2,4-D

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 665-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Schweizer ◽  
J. F. Swink ◽  
P. E. Heikes
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Field Bindweed ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Fall Application

Control of field bindweed(Convolvulus arvensisL.) on irrigated land was studied by application of herbicides once in the fall and then only in the spring for the next 4 yr. Control of field bindweed 8 months after a fall application of 2.2 kg/ha of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) or 3.4 kg/ha of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] was 90 and 83%, respectively. Spring applications of 0.28 kg/ha of dicamba, 0.56 kg of 2,4-D, or the mixture of these two herbicides suppressed the growth of field bindweed similarly each year. By the fall of the fourth year, field bindweed covered an average of 9% of the soil surface in the plots that received both fall- and spring-applied herbicide treatments, 72% in plots that received only fall-applied herbicide treatments, and 80% in the untreated plots. Yield of corn(Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer 3306’) was significantly higher in all treated plots than in the untreated check plots in 1 out of 2 yr. Yield of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘Pioneer 833’] was not increased significantly in any treated plots, but in 1 yr the mixture of 0.28 kg/ha of dicamba plus 0.56 kg/ha of 2,4-D reduced yield significantly when this mixture was applied twice at these same rates in the spring.

Field Bindweed Control with Dicamba and 2,4-D, and Crop Response to Chemical Residues

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 717-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Schweizer ◽  
J. F. Swink
Keyword(s):  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Chemical Residues ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Field Bindweed ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Irrigation Control ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Field Beans

Under furrow irrigation, control of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensisL.) was at least 90% where 4.5 and 6.7 kg/ha of 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba) had been applied 1 year before. Dicamba at 2.2 kg/ha, mixtures of dicamba and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), and 2,4-D alone were less effective. No herbicide treatment had eradicated field bindweed after 3 years, but the combined use of herbicides, tillage, and crop competition had suppressed the growth of field bindweed by 31 to 55%. Sugarbeet (Beta vulgarisL.) seedlings appeared normal where 2,4-D had been applied 8 months earlier, but over 90% of the seedlings were killed in plots treated with dicamba. Treatment with 2.2 kg/ha of 2,4-D and dicamba, singly or in combination, resulted in yields of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench) significantly greater than yields from the untreated field bindweed check. The 4.5 and 6.7-kg/ha rates of dicamba still affected sugarbeets during the second year following treatment. Corn (Zea maysL.) production was not affected in the third year by any herbicide treatment. Dicamba, applied at 2.2, 4.5, and 6.7 kg/ha, persisted in the upper 15 cm of top soil for at least 12 months in amounts that were phytotoxic to field beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) and sugarbeets.

Lipid Deposition on Leaves of Canada Thistle Ecotypes

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Lipid Deposition ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Lipid Yield ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
A Site ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The amount of lipid present on leaves of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.) varied due to ecotype, site where grown, and date of sampling. Thistles from a site with the greatest wind movement and greatest evaporation produced the most lipid per unit area of leaf. The relative lipid yield of ecotypes was similar at different locations. Deposition of lipid on the leaves of Canada thistle increased from the early bud stage to the first bloom and late bloom stages of growth. The amount of lipid on the leaves and previous data on the response of these ecotypes to (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) were highly correlated. Three ecotypes with the most lipid were most resistant and four ecotypes with the least lipid were most susceptible to 2,4-D spray. Two ecotypes were inconsistent in that comparison.

Picloram Enhances 2,4-D Movement in Field Bindweed

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuma S. O. Agbakoba ◽  
J. R. Goodin
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Field Bindweed ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensisL.) was sprayed with a mixture of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram). A mixture of picloram and 2,4-D each at 0.01 lb and 0.001 lb/A killed tops of plants faster than 2,4-D alone or picloram alone at the same rates. Higher rates of 1 lb/A picloram plus 1 lb/A 2,4-D and 0.1 lb/A picloram plus 0.1 lb/A 2,4-D were not consistently synergistic or antagonistic. The percent of plants which produced new growth were 0 for picloram alone at 1 lb/A, 20 for a mixture of 2,4-D and picloram each at 1 lb/A, and 40 for 2,4-D alone at 1 lb/A. Other rates of 0.1 lb/A, 0.01 lb/A, and 0.001 lb/A did not control regrowth of field bindweed. Application of unlabeled picloram simultaneously with14C-2,4-D increased translocation of14C-2,4-D, but the reverse was not true.

Effect of Stage of Growth of Field Bindweed on Absorption and Translocation of 14C-Labeled 2,4-D and Picloram

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuma S. O. Agbakoba ◽  
J. R. Goodin
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Field Bindweed ◽  
Middle Leaf ◽  
Old Adult ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Vegetatively Propagated Plants ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Adult Plants

The effect of stage of growth of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) on absorption and translocation of 14C-labeled 2,4-D and picloram was studied. Three stages of growth investigated were s-week old seedlings, and 7-week old and 16-week old vegetatively propagated plants. One middle leaf of each plant was treated with either 14C-labeled (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-acetic acid (2,4-D) or 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram). Treated plants were harvested after 48 hr and assayed for radioactive 14C. The percent of 2,4-D applied which was absorbed by seedlings was less than that absorbed by adult plants. Picloram absorption was not different in seedlings and 7-week old adult plants, but the 16-week old adult plants absorbed more picloram than either the 5-week old seedlings or 7-week old adult plants. More picloram than 2,4-D was absorbed at all stages of growth. Translocation of both 2,4-D and picloram was greater in seedlings than in older plants. No difference was found in amounts of 2,4-D and picloram translocated by adult field bindweed plants. More 2,4-D than picloram was translocated by seedlings.

Translocation of Clopyralid and 2,4-D in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Turnbull ◽  
G. R. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Root Exudation ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Rate Of Absorption ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations ◽  
Sampling Times

The translocation and root exudation of leaf-applied sublethal concentrations of14C-labeled clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) and14C-labeled 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] were compared in Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. var.horridumWimm. and Grab. ♯ CIRAR] at the rosette stage over a period of 9 days. The rate of absorption and export of14C out of the treated leaf was similar for both herbicides. However, the distribution of the herbicides throughout the plant was very different. After 9 days, 15 vs. 3% of the applied14C from14C-clopyralid vs.14C-2,4-D, respectively, was isolated from the foliage of the treated leaf. In the roots, twice as much14C was recovered from the14C-clopyralid treatments as from the14C-2,4-D treatment at all sampling times, with 33 vs. 15% being recovered, respectively, after 9 days. When the plants were grown hydroponically, 20% of the14C-clopyralid vs. 48% of the14C-2,4-D was recovered in the nutrient solution during a 9-day period. No metabolites of either herbicide were recovered from the foliage, root system, or nutrient solution. Large differences in translocation of these herbicides may account for the unequal toxicity to young Canada thistle plants.

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