Environment and Herbicide Effects on Canada Thistle Ecotypes

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Hunter ◽  
Leon W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Herbicide Effects ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Root sections of seven Canada thistle(Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.) ecotypes were grown under 8, 12, 14, and 16-hr photoperiods at 16, 21, and 27 C. Flowering occurred in all ecotypes under a 16-hr photoperiod. At the 14-hr photoperiod five ecotypes flowered; flowering in three of them was temperature-dependent. Shoot and root development and plant height varied with ecotype. Both the root-to-shoot ratios and the number of shoot buds formed on the roots were inversely related to temperature and length of photoperiod. Herbicides tested for their effects on Canada thistle were 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba), and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D). Control of top growth increased with increasing temperature. Similarly, root control was maximum at 27 C, at which temperature there were few fleshy roots. Picloram, unlike 2,4-D and dicamba, caused little leaf damage but completely destroyed the root system.

Chemical Control of Canada Thistle

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Carson ◽  
J. D. Bandeen
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Field studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of one, two, and three annual applications of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino) −6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid], dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), and a three way mix of dicamba, mecoprop [2-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl) oxy]propionic acid], and 2,4-D at a ratio of 7:5:20 at different stages of development for the control of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.]. Two consecutive annual applications in all atrazine treatments achieved the same level of control as cultivation every 5 weeks. In the year of the last treatment, Canada thistle was controlled with two or more consecutive annual applications of the hormone-type herbicides (2,4-D, dicamba, and the three way mix); however, in the year following the last treatment, regrowth occurred.

Control of Canada Thistle and Field Bindweed in Asparagus

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 458-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Ogg
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Asparagus Officinalis ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Field Bindweed ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.] and field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensisL.) were controlled in asparagus (Asparagus officinalisL. ‘Mary Washington’) fields by repeated applications of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) at 0.6 kg/ha or 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] + dicamba at 1.1 + 0.3 or 1.1 + 0.6 kg/ha. Applications of 2,4-D + dicamba at 1.1 + 0.6 kg/ha in early May and again in mid-June controlled 97% of the Canada thistle in asparagus fields. A third application about August 1 was required to give similar control of field bindweed. Rates of dicamba exceeding 0.6 kg/ha injured the asparagus.

Stomata Variations in Canada Thistle and Response to Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Hodgson ◽  
H. D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Stomatal Frequency ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Portal Of Entry ◽  
Herbicide Response

Canada thistle(Cirsium arvense(L) Scop.) includes many regional races that are heritable, distinct ecotypes. When cultured at Bozeman, Montana a group of these ecotypes varied in phenological, morphological, and anatomical characteristics. These ecotypes also responded differently to (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) and 3-amino-s-triazole (amitrole). Stomatal frequency and area on leaves also differed among ecotypes studied. Although stomatal frequency and stomatal area differed among the ecotypes studied, there was no correlation with herbicide response. Apparently, stomata were not a significant portal of entry of 2,4-D into the upper surface of Canada thistle leaves.

The Response of Canada Thistle Ecotypes to 2,4-D, Amitrole, and Intensive Cultivation

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Resistance To Herbicides ◽  
Physiological Differences ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Root sections of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) ecotypes from different states were field planted at Bozeman, Montana. Canada thistle survival from repeated applications of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (amitrole) was markedly different. Ecotypes varied less markedly to cultivation although they differed significantly. Resistance of ecotypes to cultivation seemed related to adaptation to site while resistance to herbicides apparently was related to inherent physiological differences as well as to differences in adaptation.

Lipid Deposition on Leaves of Canada Thistle Ecotypes

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Lipid Deposition ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Lipid Yield ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
A Site ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The amount of lipid present on leaves of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.) varied due to ecotype, site where grown, and date of sampling. Thistles from a site with the greatest wind movement and greatest evaporation produced the most lipid per unit area of leaf. The relative lipid yield of ecotypes was similar at different locations. Deposition of lipid on the leaves of Canada thistle increased from the early bud stage to the first bloom and late bloom stages of growth. The amount of lipid on the leaves and previous data on the response of these ecotypes to (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) were highly correlated. Three ecotypes with the most lipid were most resistant and four ecotypes with the least lipid were most susceptible to 2,4-D spray. Two ecotypes were inconsistent in that comparison.

Translocation of Clopyralid and 2,4-D in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Turnbull ◽  
G. R. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Root Exudation ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Rate Of Absorption ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations ◽  
Sampling Times

The translocation and root exudation of leaf-applied sublethal concentrations of14C-labeled clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) and14C-labeled 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] were compared in Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. var.horridumWimm. and Grab. ♯ CIRAR] at the rosette stage over a period of 9 days. The rate of absorption and export of14C out of the treated leaf was similar for both herbicides. However, the distribution of the herbicides throughout the plant was very different. After 9 days, 15 vs. 3% of the applied14C from14C-clopyralid vs.14C-2,4-D, respectively, was isolated from the foliage of the treated leaf. In the roots, twice as much14C was recovered from the14C-clopyralid treatments as from the14C-2,4-D treatment at all sampling times, with 33 vs. 15% being recovered, respectively, after 9 days. When the plants were grown hydroponically, 20% of the14C-clopyralid vs. 48% of the14C-2,4-D was recovered in the nutrient solution during a 9-day period. No metabolites of either herbicide were recovered from the foliage, root system, or nutrient solution. Large differences in translocation of these herbicides may account for the unequal toxicity to young Canada thistle plants.

INFLUENCE OF ETHEPHON ON ABSORPTION AND TRANSLOCATION OF HERBICIDES IN CANADA THISTLE

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 795-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. ARSON ◽  
J. D. BANDEEN
Keyword(s):  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Maximum Accumulation ◽  
Growth Room ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Ethephon Treatment ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The influence of ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) on the foliar absorption of 14C-labelled dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) and 14C-labelled 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] at three growth stages of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) was investigated in the growth room. There was increased leaf uptake and retention of dicamba and 14C from 2,4-D under the influence of ethephon at all growth stages; this was reflected in total foliar absorption. The most efficient dicamba/ethephon combination, on the basis of the amount of herbicide accumulated in the roots, was simultaneous ethephon treatment at the bloom and post full bloom stages. Maximum accumulation of 14C from 2,4-D in roots occurred with simultaneous 2,4-D and ethephon application at the post full bloom stage. Differences between acropetal and basipetal accumulation following dicamba treatments were much smaller than those observed after treatment with 2,4-D. More 14C from 2,4-D was accumulated in the roots than was translocated acropetally in all 2,4-D treatments at all growth stages.

Effects of Light Quantities and Glucose on 2,4-D Toxicity to Canada Thistle

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane H. Erickson ◽  
Lambert C. Erickson ◽  
Clarence I. Seely
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Full Sunlight ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Shade cages admitting three quantities of sunlight were placed in a dense field infestation of Canada thistle(Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.), and the thistles were sprayed with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) and with 2,4-D plus glucose in 1968 and again in 1969. Necrosis was greatest under full sunlight and when glucose was added. Regrowth the years after spraying increased with decreasing daylight intensities, but it was not significantly influenced by the addition of glucose. Percentage of necrosis in the year of treatment was not correlated with the percentage of regrowth the following year.

Canada Thistle(Cirsium arvense)Control in Timothy(Phleum pratense)and Red Clover(Trifolium pratense)Sward

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Peterson ◽  
J. V. Parochetti
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
First Year ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
The Third ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Two of three herbicides were applied repetitively in each of the years to a dense infestation of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.] in timothy(Phleum pratenseL.) and red clover(Trifolium pratenseL.) sward in Carroll County, Maryland during the period 1969 to 1971. Picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-tricloropicolinic acid), eliminated red clover from the sward after the first year, and controlled 95 to 100% of the Canada thistle in the third year of treatment. The addition of a non-phytotoxic oil to picloram did not improve its efficiency. Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) reduced 57 to 87% of the red clover and 72% of the Canada thistle in the first year at a dosage of 1.12 kg/ha, but effected only 42% control in the third year of treatment. Both an amine and ester formulations of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] effected variable Canada thistle control and reduced the red clover stand 10 to 15% following the first application. The timothy yield was not significantly reduced during the 3 years of repeated application of all herbicides, but some necrosis of leaves was noted with dicamba and the high rate of 2,4-D. Soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Delmar’] planted 1 yr following the last picloram application had curled leaves initially, but outgrew the injury. Soybeans planted 2 yr following the last application of the herbicides showed no significant reduction in yield indicating herbicide residues had been reduced to tolerable levels.

Canada Thistle Control on Roadsides

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Foote ◽  
D. L. Kill ◽  
C. S. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Opportune Time ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) on roadsides was controlled by 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), and (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T), alone and in combination at various rates. There was no synergistic or additive effect, as determined by Canada thistle response, due to the addition of 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T to picloram. Control with ¾ lb/A picloram was not significantly less than that obtained with higher rates 1½ and 2 lb/A. Picloram reduced Canada thistle stands 80 to 100% and 2,4-D generally reduced the plant population 50% or less during the year of application and the year after. Late summer appeared to be an opportune time for spraying Canada thistle with ¾ to 1 lb/A picloram.

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