The Enterococcus

1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 600-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Gullberg
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Teichoic Acid ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
D Antigen ◽  
Group D

In 1899, Thiercilin used the term “enterococcus” to describe microscopic organisms seen in pairs or short chains in feces. Later (in the 1930s) the name was used in a more restrictive sense for streptococci that had the hardy capacity to survive under extreme conditions.Enterococci belong to a group D family of streptococci, as characterized by Lancefield in 1938. In contrast to other groups of streptococci, the group D antigen is not a wall carbohydrate but a glycerol teichoic acid containing glucose and D-alanine. This antigen appears to be related directly to the cytoplasm or plasma membrane.

scholarly journals Teichoic acids of group D streptococci with special reference to strains from pig meningitis (Streptococcus suis).

1977 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 490-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
S D Elliott ◽  
M McCarty ◽  
R C Lancefield
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Teichoic Acid ◽  
Streptococcus Suis ◽  
Lipoteichoic Acid ◽  
Teichoic Acids ◽  
Group A ◽  
Backbone Structure ◽  
D Antigen ◽  
Group D ◽  
Lipoteichoic Acids

Immunoelectrophoresis revealed in phenol extracts from S. faecalis and S. faecium a mixture of free and lipid-bound teichoic acids, both reactive with Group D antisera. In phenol extracts from S. suis only lipid-bound teichoic acid, also reactive with Group D antiserum, was seen. This difference probably accounts for the low yield of Group D antigen from S. suis as compared with S. faecalis and S. faecium when heating at pH 2 is used for extraction. When phenol is used good yields are obtained from S. suis as well as from S. faecalis and S. faecium. Lipoteichoic acids from S. faecalis and S. faecium have a backbone structure the same as or similar to that of Group A streptococcal teichoic acid. Lipoteichoic acid from S. suis has a structure differing from that of S. faecalis and S. faecium, e.g., possibly in the attachment of its glucosyl substituents. Precipitation reactions between S. suis lipoteichoic acid and Group D antisera were specifically inhibited by glucose. Reactions between S. bovis phenol extracts and some Group D antisera were also specifically inhibited by glucose, but extracts from S. faecalis and S. faecium were not. This may indicate a monosaccharide glucosyl substituent in teichoic acid from S. suis and S. bovis instead of the di- or trisaccharide previously postulated as the glucosyl substituent in the teichoic acid of S. faecalis.

scholarly journals The Identity of Streptococcal Group D Antigen with Teichoic Acid

1963 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Wicken ◽  
S. D. Elliott ◽  
J. Baddiley
Keyword(s):  
Teichoic Acid ◽  
D Antigen ◽  
Group D

Messenger role of calcium in function of pancreatic acinar cells

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (5) ◽  
pp. G335-G347
Author(s):  
I. Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Acinar Cells ◽  
Enzyme Secretion ◽  
Pancreatic Acinar Cells ◽  
Free Calcium ◽  
Plasma Membrane Permeability ◽  
Cyclic Monophosphate ◽  
Free Calcium Concentration ◽  
Cytosolic Free Calcium Concentration ◽  
Group D

Enzyme secretion from the exocrine pancreas is elicited by a) cholinergic stimulants, b) hormones belonging to the family of pancreozymin, c) some amphibian peptides such as bombesin, eledoisin, and physalaemin, and d) secretin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Whereas the mechanism of the group d hormones in stimulating enzyme secretion involves adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, the others seem to use a common pathway involving Ca2+ as intracellular messenger and probably guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate as modulator of their action. Their effects can be ascribed to two processes. One pathway involves release of Ca2+ from an intracellular store that is most likely located in the plasma membrane. This phase is independent of extracellular Ca2+ and leads to a rise of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate. The other pathway is characterized by an increased permeability of the plasma membrane for Ca2+ and is necessary for sustained secretion. Both pathways lead to an increase cytosolic-free Ca2+ concentration. Ca2+ is either directly involved in fusion of zymogen granules with the luminal cell membrane or triggers events that lead to exocytosis. Furthermore, augmented cytosolic-free calcium concentration a) increased the plasma membrane permeability for Na+, Cl-, and K+, which leads to depolarization of the cell, and b) induces uncoupling of neighboring acinar cells.

scholarly journals Blood group D antigen content of nucleated red cell precursors

Blood ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 981-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Rearden ◽  
SP Masouredis
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Group ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cell Maturation ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
D Antigen ◽  
Group D

Abstract The D antigen content of nucleated red cell precursors in human bone marrow was estimated using autoradiography and 125I-anti-D. D antigen first appeared in the pronormoblast, and the quantity of antigen progressively increased during red cell maturation. Maximal anti-D binding occurred on mature red blood cells. Pronormoblasts, basophilic normoblasts, polychromatophilic normoblasts, and orthochromatic normoblasts, respectively, had approximately 1/4, 1/2, 2/3, and 3/4 the quantity of antigen found on mature red cells. None of the other cell types were found in bone marrow labeled with anti-D.

scholarly journals The Cellular Location of the Streptococcal Group D Antigen

1964 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. SHOCKMAN ◽  
H. D. SLADE
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Location ◽  
D Antigen ◽  
Group D

Teichoic Acid and the Group Antigen of Group D Streptococci

Nature ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 193 (4820) ◽  
pp. 1105-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. ELLIOTT
Keyword(s):  
Teichoic Acid ◽  
Group D

scholarly journals Teichoic acids possessing phosphate–sugar linkages in strains of Lactobacillus plantarum

1969 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Adams ◽  
A. R. Archibald ◽  
J Baddiley ◽  
Hilary E. Coapes ◽  
A L Davison
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Teichoic Acid ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Teichoic Acids ◽  
Primary Hydroxyl ◽  
Group D

Cell walls of strains of Lactobacillus plantarum lacking the group D precipitinogen (a glucosylribitol teichoic acid) contain glucosylglycerol teichoic acid in which the glycosidic substituents are attached to the primary hydroxyl group of glycerol. Three distinct repeating units have been isolated from the teichoic acid preparation of strain C106, indicating either that the polymer is complex or that the wall contains a mixture of teichoic acids. Walls of streptobacteria differ from those of L. plantarum and contain neither teichoic acid nor diaminopimelic acid.

scholarly journals Blood group D antigen content of nucleated red cell precursors

Blood ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 981-986
Author(s):  
A Rearden ◽  
SP Masouredis
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Group ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cell Maturation ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
D Antigen ◽  
Group D

The D antigen content of nucleated red cell precursors in human bone marrow was estimated using autoradiography and 125I-anti-D. D antigen first appeared in the pronormoblast, and the quantity of antigen progressively increased during red cell maturation. Maximal anti-D binding occurred on mature red blood cells. Pronormoblasts, basophilic normoblasts, polychromatophilic normoblasts, and orthochromatic normoblasts, respectively, had approximately 1/4, 1/2, 2/3, and 3/4 the quantity of antigen found on mature red cells. None of the other cell types were found in bone marrow labeled with anti-D.

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