The Biological Standard of Living in China during the 20th Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 241 ◽  
pp. 191-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre van der Eng ◽  
Kitae Sohn
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Age At Menarche ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Biological Standard Of Living ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Age Of Menarche ◽  
Biological Standard

AbstractThis article uses the mean age at menarche of women in China as an indicator of changes in the standard of living during the 20th century. It discusses the difficulties of using this indicator. It finds that the mean age of menarche stagnated at 16 to 17 years for women born during the period between the 1880s and 1930s. The age at menarche decreased in some urban areas, indicating improving living standards in, for example, Beijing and Shanghai. The mean age at menarche increased for 1940s’ birth cohorts, in relation not only to the warfare of the 1940s but also the famine of 1959–1962. The mean age at menarche decreased in a sustained way for women born during the 1950s to early 2000s. The decrease is associated with increasing educational attainment since the 1940s and also improvements in nutrition, hygiene and healthcare.

THE TREND IN AGE AT MENARCHE IN INDONESIA: BIRTH COHORTS 1944–1988

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
KITAE SOHN
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Age At Menarche ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Biological Standard Of Living ◽  
Indonesian Family Life Survey ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
Biological Standard

SummaryEmploying the Indonesian Family Life Survey, this paper depicts the trend in age at menarche in Indonesia for women born in 1944–1988. Mean age at menarche decreased from 14.39 years for birth year 1944 to 13.18 years for birth year 1988. Subsequently, this trend is related to the improvement in material conditions, measured by GDP per capita in childhood. The OLS results indicate that this decrease is largely explained by the improvement in material conditions. If age at menarche is considered an indicator of biological standard of living, these results suggest that the improvement in material conditions during the period converted to an improvement in biological standard of living.

The Biological Standard of Living in Europe from the Late Iron Age to the Little Ice Age

2016 ◽  
pp. 69-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikola Koepke
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Biological Standard Of Living ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Biological Standard

This chapter documents human development in the very long run on the basis of anthropometric indicators used as a proxy measure of the biological standard of living. The author explores the trend in height of European populations, controlling for aspects of natural, economic, and social change. Findings include that there was a small increase in overall mean height in Europe from the 8th century BCE to the 18th century CE (c. 0.5 cm per millennium on average for the total dataset), with regional and temporal variations, including particular low points during Roman ascendancy (1st century BCE in Mediterranean Europe, 8 cm below the predicted mean) and the Little Ice Age (17th century CE in North-Eastern Europe, 7 cm below the predicted mean). Significant explanatory variables for these trends are the availability of dairy products, the share of the population living in urban areas, and the impact of the Roman Empire.

scholarly journals The Study on Age of Menarche in Girls in the Buldana District of Maharashtra

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 205-207
Author(s):  
Vaibhav Suresh Adhao ◽  
Raju Ramesh Thenge ◽  
Prashan Vishnu Ajmire
Keyword(s):  
Food Habit ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
School Education ◽  
Age At Menarche ◽  
Late Type ◽  
Residential Status ◽  
Early Menarche ◽  
School Girls ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Age Of Menarche

The present study was designed to determine the age at which menarche occurs among school girls in Buldana district of Maharashtra state, India. A survey was conducted among 488 girls by writing the questionnaire from schools in the selected area. Respondents completed a questionnaire that recorded age at first menstruation by the recall, residential status, type of education, and diet/food habit. The mean age at menarche was 13.44 ± 0.75 years. Most girls (72.95%) of the respondents were found of normal age menarche (12–14 years), 27.05% of late-type menarche (> 14 years), and 0% were of early menarche (less than 12 years). Our study suggests an influence of school education, residential area, and diet/food habit on menarcheal age.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document