Prescribed Courses for the Navigation of the Great Lakes of North America

1964 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 376-385
Author(s):  
O. T. Burnham ◽  
C. M. Jansky
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Border Line ◽  
West Lake ◽  
North Lake

The Great Lakes of North America, four of which form the border-line between the United States and the Dominion of Canada, increase in size from east to west, Lake Ontario being the smallest but still 180 statute miles in length. Lake Erie is the shallowest, with an east to west extent of 236 statute miles. Lake Huron has a maximum length of 247 statute miles from south to north. Lake Michigan is the only one of the lakes entirely within the confines of the United States, extending 321 statute miles from north to south. The largest and deepest of the group is Lake Superior, where the principal sailing course from Sault Ste. Marie to Duluth is 383 statute miles.

Paleohydrology of the upper Laurentian Great Lakes from the late glacial to early Holocene

2009 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Breckenridge ◽  
Thomas C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Michigan Basin ◽  
Great Lakes Basin ◽  
Lake Agassiz ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Freshwater Fluxes

AbstractBetween 10,500 and 9000 cal yr BP, δ18O values of benthic ostracodes within glaciolacustrine varves from Lake Superior range from − 18 to − 22‰ PDB. In contrast, coeval ostracode and bivalve records from the Lake Huron and Lake Michigan basins are characterized by extreme δ18O variations, ranging from values that reflect a source that is primarily glacial (∼ − 20‰ PDB) to much higher values characteristic of a regional meteoric source (∼ − 5‰ PDB). Re-evaluated age models for the Huron and Michigan records yield a more consistent δ18O stratigraphy. The striking feature of these records is a sharp drop in δ18O values between 9400 and 9000 cal yr BP. In the Huron basin, this low δ18O excursion was ascribed to the late Stanley lowstand, and in the Lake Michigan basin to Lake Agassiz flooding. Catastrophic flooding from Lake Agassiz is likely, but a second possibility is that the low δ18O excursion records the switching of overflow from the Lake Superior basin from an undocumented northern outlet back into the Great Lakes basin. Quantifying freshwater fluxes for this system remains difficult because the benthic ostracodes in the glaciolacustrine varves of Lake Superior and Lake Agassiz may not record the average δ18O value of surface water.

The Chicago Drainage Canal and St. Lawrence Development

1929 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Q. Dealey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Drainage Canal ◽  
Great Achievement ◽  
Chicago River ◽  
Legal Difficulties ◽  
Federal Control

In 1900, by the opening of the Chicago drainage canal, there was provided a watercourse for the disposal of sewage and for navigation from Lake Michigan by way of the Chicago River to the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. Entailing as it did the reversal of the flow of the Chicago River, this, from the engineering standpoint, has been hailed as a great achievement. The large abstraction of water from Lake Michigan through the canal, however, had its effect in a lowering of levels in the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River with consequent injury to navigation. This brought about constant opposition to the canal from the Federal Government and from Canada. Thus the Sanitary District of Chicago has been involved in a host of legal difficulties and put to much expense in adjusting its plant to the demands of the United States Government. The diversion in the meantime has been a constant source of ill-feeling towards the United States on the part of Canada and at present, although under federal control, offers an obstacle to the further development of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence waterways.

Assessment of the United States Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) Fisheries of Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, and Lake Huron

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Maximum Sustainable Yield ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Production Model ◽  
Coregonus Clupeaformis ◽  
Lake Whitefish ◽  
Surplus Production Model

The logistic surplus production model is applied to lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) yield and effort data from Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, and Lake Huron. The fitted models indicate that the whitefish populations in most areas of the lakes have been overexploited, and that in these areas yield was below the maximum sustainable yield before sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) predation took its toll. In some areas of Lake Superior the whitefish populations are not overexploited. The sea lamprey is the apparent cause of the drastic decrease in the whitefish population that occurred in northern Lake Michigan during the 1950’s.

CANADIAN-U.S. SPILL RESPONSE COOPERATION ALONG THE GREAT LAKES

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Kaiser ◽  
Wilma Godon ◽  
Ron Whitehorne ◽  
Erich R. Gundlach ◽  
Bart J. Baca
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Contingency Plan ◽  
Direct Participation ◽  
Joint Preparation ◽  
Western Lake ◽  
St Lawrence River

ABSTRACT The United States and Canada share more than 1,400 miles of aquatic border between the St. Lawrence River and western Lake Superior. To effectively deal with regional oil and hazardous material spills that can equally affect either side of the border, Canadian and U.S. agencies have formed a cooperative agreement under the CANUSLAK plan to share resources and information before and during spill occurrences. Primary agencies involved include the Canadian and U.S. coast guards, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Canadian Environmental Protection Service (Emergencies Program). Examples of prespill cooperation, as discussed in this paper, include the joint preparation of contingency plan annexes and shoreline sensitivity atlases for the St. Lawrence River, Detroit-St. Clair River area, and St. Marys River. Cooperation during spills, also discussed, is illustrated by the exchange of information either by direct participation of both countries during response and cleanup or by advisory representation.

scholarly journals How Many Ciscoes are Needed for Stocking in the Laurentian Great Lakes?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Rook ◽  
Michael J. Hansen ◽  
Charles R. Bronte
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Laurentian Great Lakes ◽  
Saginaw Bay ◽  
Thunder Bay ◽  
Western Lake ◽  
Coregonus Artedi

Historically, Cisco Coregonus artedi and deepwater ciscoes Coregonus spp. were the most abundant and ecologically important fish species in the Laurentian Great Lakes, but anthropogenic influences caused nearly all populations to collapse by the 1970s. Fishery managers have begun exploring the feasibility of restoring populations throughout the basin, but questions regarding hatchery propagation and stocking remain. We used historical and contemporary stock-recruit parameters previously estimated for Ciscoes in Wisconsin waters of Lake Superior, with estimates of age-1 Cisco rearing habitat (broadly defined as total ha ≤ 80 m depth) and natural mortality, to estimate how many fry (5.5 months post-hatch), fall fingerling (7.5 months post-hatch), and age-1 (at least 12 months post-hatch) hatchery-reared Ciscoes are needed for stocking in the Great Lakes to mimic recruitment rates in Lake Superior, a lake that has undergone some recovery. Estimated stocking densities suggested that basin-wide stocking would require at least 0.641-billion fry, 0.469-billion fall fingerlings, or 0.343-billion age-1 fish for a simultaneous restoration effort targeting historically important Cisco spawning and rearing areas in Lakes Huron, Michigan, Erie, Ontario, and Saint Clair. Numbers required for basin-wide stocking were considerably greater than current or planned coregonine production capacity, thus simultaneous stocking in the Great Lakes is likely not feasible. Provided current habitat conditions do not preclude Cisco restoration, managers could maximize the effectiveness of available production capacity by concentrating stocking efforts in historically important spawning and rearing areas, similar to the current stocking effort in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. Other historically important Cisco spawning and rearing areas within each lake (listed in no particular order) include: (1) Thunder Bay in Lake Huron, (2) Green Bay in Lake Michigan, (3) the islands near Sandusky, Ohio, in western Lake Erie, and (4) the area near Hamilton, Ontario, and Bay of Quinte in Lake Ontario. Our study focused entirely on Ciscoes but may provide a framework for describing future stocking needs for deepwater ciscoes.

Observations Concerning the “Red Paint Culture”

1941 ◽  
Vol 7 (2Part1) ◽  
pp. 156-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendell S. Hadlock
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
New England ◽  
The United States ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
The People ◽  
Saint Lawrence River ◽  
Ancient People

For many years the people of Maine, parts of New England, and the Maritime Provinces have been told that an ancient group of Indians lived in the northeastern part of the United States and later moved into New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. These ancient people have been called the Pre-Algonquian Group, The Red Paint People of Maine, and the Beothuk of Newfoundland, by various archaeologists who have excavated their graves.These archaeologists have come to the conclusion that the graves represent a very old group of Indians, but they have not agreed on who they were, where they came from, or where they went. Mr. Charles C. Willoughby shows the distribution of the pre-Algonquian culture as covering all that portion of North America east of the Great Lakes, along the Saint Lawrence River and as far south as the tip of New Jersey.

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