Ustalenie granicy polsko-sowieckiej – w 100. rocznicę delimitacji granicy ryskiej

The end of World War I brought the issue of the borders of the reborn Poland on the agenda. Their shaping was a long and dramatic process. Among the numerous disputes and conflicts, the Polish-Russian war occupies a special place. Its effect was the defense of the reborn state and the establishment of the eastern border of Poland. The war began in February 1919. However, it ended with the signing of the preliminary treaty on October 12, 1920, and the peace treaty on March 18, 1921 in Riga. The peace treaty eliminated the state of war and established the border line between Poland and Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. Its precise delimitation in the field and placing border marks on it was carried out by a special mixed border commission consisting of two delegations - Polish and Russian-Ukrainian-Belarusian. The content of this article is an attempt to look at one of the most important events in the modern history of Poland from the perspective of 100 years, which was the establishment and guidelines of the eastern border of Poland by a mixed border commission. The aim of the paper is to present the work of the committees which took place in an atmosphere of constant dispute and conflicts between representatives of the delegations of both countries. Both parties repeatedly threatened to terminate or suspend the works. Due to the volume framework, it is not possible to fully characterize the archival sources and the published publications. It could be a topic of a separate study. I hope that the bibliography attached to the article will help to provide a thorough and comprehensive presentation of the topic.

Radio climatology of Rajasthan

Based on 30-year averages of the values of atmospheric pressure, temperature and vapour pressure near the ground surface, value's of radio refractive indices for 18 stations of Rajasthan State and adjoining area near and within international border line, have been computed. Using these data, monthly and annual distributions of radio refractive indices over the area for both morning and evening have been describe-d and discussed which may be useful in radiowave propagation in the area.

Regenerative and LoRa Based Trooper Monitoring System for Armed Forces

Communication between soldier at border line is crucial. Existing system used for communication between soldiers at border line in military consumes a lot of power. The greatest difficulties in Indian armed forces operation is the Soldiers are not able to do transmission of messages with headquarters base station controller in case of emergency or when needed any help. Also, the current status and location of the soldiers cannot be detected with this system. The proposed methodology gives us Long Range (LoRa) based medical supervision and emplacement trailing and tracking system for soldiers. This type of advanced design can be mounted on the soldier’s shoe to ensure their safety. In case of death of the soldier, the controller intimates to the camp office control along with soldier’s location. The proposed system includes sensors, GPS, and transmission modules, as well as miniaturized wearable physiological equipment. Hence, it is possible to implement a low-cost mechanism to provide needed help in the battlefield.

Between Textual Borrowing and Forgery. On Compilatory Practices of Medieval Universal Chroniclers Based on Martinus Polonus

The author’s goal is to add to the understanding of the issue of where the border line is that marks the passage from an enlarged copy (an augmented or developed version) of a given chronicle to an independent authorial entity. In this context a side question arises concerning the acceptability of textual borrowing in the face of medieval authorial practices and conventions, i.e. where compiling ends and falsifying begins. The aforementioned issues are discussed on the basis of five historiographical texts composed between the mid–thirteenth and the third quarter of the 15th cent. Their common denominator is their affinity with the famous Chronicle of Popes and Emperors by Martin the Pole (or of Oppavia). Examining the character of the borrowings, their ideological stance, and their political opinions, the author reaches the conclusion that it was not the copy–and–paste technique frequently employed by the chroniclers, but their intentions that decide whether the resulting works should be treated as new entities, sometimes even forgeries.

A Scientific Analysis of Gold Threads Used in Donggungbi-Wonsam(Ceremonial Robe Worn by a Crown Princess, National Folklore Cultural Heritage No.48)

This study identified material properties through scientific analysis on Jikgeumdan(satin with gold threads) from Donggungbi-Wonsam and the gold threads used in the embroidery. The Donggungbi-Wonsam’s base of gold threads were estimated to have used mulberry fiber’s Korean paper(Hanji) because non-wood-based fibers were observed. The X-ray spectrometer showed that the Tongsuseulan of Donggungbi-Wonsam was a flat gold thread of pure gold and Jikgeumdan of flat silver thread of its Saekdong and Hansam. High sulfur levels were detected in the flat silver thread, which appeared to have formed silver sulfide by either manufacturing process using sulfur or conservation environment. he dragon insignia’s embroidery is also described as two types twisted gold threads; pure gold and alloying-gold and silver. while dragon insignia’s border line is decorated with a twisted gold thread of pure gold. In particular, it was investigated that adhesives such as an animal glue, a protein-based compound by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Additionally, XRF and Raman spectroscopy analysis on the mixture substances between the metal surface and the base paper of gold threads identified talc and quartz in the gold threads and Seokganju(hematite) in the flat silver threads.

Territorial Delimitation Between Siberian Territory and Ural Region in 1923—1926

Based on a wide range of attracted archival materials, the problems of establishing the border line between the Siberian Territory and the Ural Region in the mid-1920s are examined in the article. The main controversial issues, which consisted in the discussion about the belonging of a part of the Tobolsk North and the Ishim District, which were part of the beginning of zoning in the Ural region are revealed. Attention is paid to the history of the emergence of border disputes that appeared as a result of the attribution of a number of West Siberian territories from the jurisdiction of Sibrevkom to the Urals in the early 1920s. A detailed description of the process of determining the western border of the Siberian Territory is given by the leadership of the Sibrevkom, as well as by the higher authorities of the RSFSR in close cooperation with the Ural and Siberian authorities. Various arguments of the Siberians, the Urals and the central authorities, used in the process of delimiting and resolving disputes between Siberia and the Urals, which make it possible to more objectively determine the legality of the established demarcation line are presented. It is concluded that the territorial claims of the Siberian leadership to the Ural authorities were justified and relied on the undefined status of the disputed sections of the border, which arose as a result of the temporary abandonment of the territory of the former Tyumen province by the central government as part of the Ural region formed in November 1923.

“Letters from the trans-ural steppe” by Sultan Mendali Piraliev: an unofficial point of view of a russian official on imperial policy in Kazakhstan

The article is devoted to the analysis of V. V. Grigoriev's views on Russian policy in the Kazakh Hordes. The interrelations with the Central Asia was not the primary one in the foreign policy of the Russian Empire in the 18th first half of the 19th centuries. Therefore, the central authorities entrusted managing the Kazakhs to the Orenburg governor and the Orenburg border commission. The Orenburg and Omsk officials not only implemented Russian policy in this region, but also exerted a strong influence on its formation and took part in the development of the most normative acts in the Steppe management. Therefore, the views of local officials are of interest for understanding the Central Asian policy of the Russian Empire, the peculiarities of relations with the Kazakhs and their management. V.V. Grigoriev, who held the important post of chairman of the Orenburg Border Commission, preferred to declare his position in the form of letters from the imaginary Kazakh sultan Mendali Piraliev, because thus as we can assume his ideas got more weight and he could have felt free in describing the policy of the Russian authorities in the Kazakh Hordes. This policy, according to V.V. Grigoriev, was erroneous, because it did not take into account the mentality of an Eastern person and was based not on justice, but on excessive indulgence. That is why the Russian administration could not cope even with the attacks of the Kazakhs on Russian villages and the border line that had been erected to separate the Kazakhs after their taking citizenship. V.V. Grigoriev, who headed the Orenburg border commission in the 50s and early 60s. XIX century, the period of the Kazakh steppe future fate determination, perhaps expected to strengthen the positions of supporters of the incorporation of Kazakhs into the general imperial political and legal space by publishing his polemical Letters.

The incidence of necrotic enteritis in turkeys is associated with farm, season and faecal Eimeria oocyst counts

Background Specific studies on the epidemiology of necrotic enteritis in turkeys are absent in the literature. Necrotic enteritis is common in turkeys and a leading cause of use of therapeutic antibiotics. This study describes the incidence of necrotic enteritis in turkey farms, and the association between incidence and bird age, season, faecal oocyst counts, grow-out size and feed mill. Results Necrotic enteritis was diagnosed post mortem in 20.2 % of 545 grow-outs of commercial female and male B.U.T. 10 turkeys started during the years 2010–2016. 80 % of all cases occurred at four to seven weeks of age. Median (minimum-maximum) age at disease detection was 37 (18–115) days. Turkey age at detection was influenced by season, and varied from 33 days among grow-outs hatched in February to 42 days among those hatched in July-August. The incidence also varied with season, showing peak occurrence among grow-outs hatched during February-March and the lowest incidence in turkeys hatched in July-August. 59 % of all cases were detected in 25 % of the farms. The incidence per farm varied from below 4 to 59 %. A multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model indicated clear impacts of farm and season on incidence, and border-line impacts of grow-out size and feed mill. Grow-outs diagnosed with necrotic enteritis had higher counts of faecal Eimeria oocysts than grow-outs without a diagnosis. This difference was particularly clear during the high-risk period at five to seven weeks of age. Necrotic enteritis was the cause of treatment with therapeutic antibiotics in 88.2 % of all cases of treatment. Conclusions Our data indicate that necrotic enteritis incidence in turkeys can be substantially influenced by risk factors at farm level. The incidence showed two seasonal peaks; a moderate peak in turkeys hatched in October/November and a marked peak in turkeys hatched during February/March. Mitigation measures at the farm may therefore be of particular importance during these months in farms located in the Northern temperate zone. Measures which effectively reduce counts of faecal Eimeria oocyst are likely to be among the more promising actions to take both at the farm and at population level.

La función de la frontera en la economía política de las plantaciones piñeras en Costa Rica / The function of borders in the political economy of Costa Rican pineapple plantations

Costa Rica es actualmente el mayor exportador de piña fresca en el mundo (Harvard’s Growth Lab 2020) y más de la mitad de su producción se ubica en la región fronteriza con Nicaragua. Con base en el trabajo etnográfico realizado en dos comunidades costarricenses que se localizan en dicha zona, en este artículo argumentamos que la frontera entre ambos países cumple tres funciones que la hacen fundamental para explicar tanto la expansión del cultivo como su ubicación en esta región: 1) separa los espacios de producción piñera de los espacios de reproducción social de la fuerza de trabajo; 2) vulnera a los trabajadores migrantes nicaragüenses en Costa Rica, debido a su ingreso irregular al país, y 3) dificulta la organización laboral, tanto por el alto nivel de movilidad de la fuerza de trabajo como por convertir conflictos de clase en conflictos entre naciones. Abstract: Costa Rica is the largest exporter of fresh pineapple in the world (Harvard’s Growth Lab 2020), with more than half of its production located in the border region with Nicaragua. Based on ethnographic research carried out in two Costa Rican communities located near the border, we argue in this article that the border line between both countries accomplishes three functions that are crucial to explain both the expansion of the crop and its location in this region: 1) it separates the spaces of pineapple production, of those of social reproduction of the labor force; 2) it renders migrant Nicaraguan workers in Costa Rica vulnerable, due to their irregular entry into the country; 3) it hinders labor organization, due to both the high mobility of the labor force, and by turning class struggle, into conflicts between nations.Keywords: borders; plantations; transborder labor; pineapple production; Central America. Résumé : De nos jours, le Costa Rica est le plus grand exportateur d’ananas au monde (Harvard’s Growth Lab 2020), plus de la moitié de cette production est située dans la zone frontalière avec le Nicaragua. En nous basant sur le travail ethnographique effectué dans deux communautés costariciennes de cette région frontalière, dans cet article nous démontrerons que la frontière entre les deux pays remplit trois fonctions qui la rendent incontournable ayant pour but d’expliquer, d’une part l’expansion de l’exploitation agricole et d’autre part leur localisation dans cette région : 1) elle sépare les espaces de production d’ananas comme ceux de la reproduction sociale de la force de travail ; 2) elle affaiblit les travailleurs migrants nicaraguayens au Costa Rica à cause de leur entrée irrégulière au pays, 3) elle complique l’organisation du travail en raison de la grande mobilité des ouvriers et transforme les conflits de classe en conflit entre les nations.Mots-clés : frontière ; plantations ; travail transfrontalier ; production d’ananas ; Amérique Centrale.